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The Stirrings of Rebellion. SECTION 1. SECTION 2. Ideas Help Start a Revolution. Struggling Toward Saratoga. SECTION 3. Winning the War. SECTION 4. The War for Independence. NEXT. Section 1. The Stirrings of Rebellion.

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  1. The Stirrings of Rebellion SECTION 1 SECTION 2 Ideas Help Start a Revolution Struggling Toward Saratoga SECTION 3 Winning the War SECTION 4 The War for Independence NEXT

  2. Section 1 The Stirrings of Rebellion Conflict between Great Britain and the American colonies grows over issues of taxation, representation, and liberty. NEXT

  3. SECTION 1 The Stirrings of Rebellion The Colonies Organize to Resist Britain The Stamp Act • Stamp Act (1765)—requires stamped paper for documents, printed items; forbids colonies from issuing paper $ • Quartering Act (1765) Stamp Act Protests • Samuel Adamshelps found Sons of Liberty, secret resistance group: - harass customs workers, stamp agents, royal governors; riot; use home-goods; hang in effegy • Stamp Act Congress—colonies can’t be taxed without representation • Colonial merchants boycott British goods until Stamp Act repealed • Parliament repeals Stamp Act (1766) Continued . . . NEXT

  4. After 1765, the major American cities saw the formation of secret groups set up to defend their rights. Groups such as these were absorbed into the greater Sons of Liberty organization, a political group made up of American patriots formed to protect the rights of the colonists from the usurpations of the British government after 1766.

  5. SECTION 1 continuedThe Colonies Organize to Resist Britain • The Townshend Acts • • Townshend Acts (1767) levy duties on imported materials: tea, glass, paper, dyes • • Colonists enraged: • --Samuel Adams organizes boycott • --The term “redcoat” = term of insult, anger • • Women stop buying British luxuries; join spinning bees; boycott tea • • Customs agents seize John Hancock’s ship Liberty for unpaid taxes • • Colonists riot; 2,000 British soldiers stationed in Boston; permanent force of 10,000 in the colonial cities (cold war starts) NEXT

  6. The Sons of Liberty incited a crowd that had gathered to watch the turmoil protesting in favor of the owner of the Liberty, John Hancock. The situation was initially peaceful but turned violent when the Liberty was impounded. The mob attacked the customs house and its officials, one of whom had his boat dragged to Boston Common and burnt. Duty collectors were unharmed and escaped further violence by fleeing to Castle Williams. The Sons of Liberty seized the moment by calling to a public meeting and using the momentum to call for a boycott of British goods.

  7. SECTION 1 Tension Mounts in Massachusetts The Boston Massacre • Soldiers compete with colonists for shipyard jobs •Boston Massacre(1770)—mob throws stones, British fire, kill five • 1772, colonists burn customs ship (the Gaspee); suspects to be tried in Britain •Committees of correspondence discuss threat to freedom, form network --Members: Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry The Boston Tea Party • 1773 Tea Act lets East India Company avoid tax, undersell colonists •Boston Tea Party—disguised colonists dump 18,000 lbs. tea in harbor Continued . . . NEXT

  8. The Boston Massacre The presence of British troops in the city of Boston was increasingly unwelcome. The riot began when about 50 citizens attacked a British sentinel. A British officer, Captain Thomas Preston, called in additional soldiers, and these too were attacked, so the soldiers fired into the mob, killing 3 on the spot (a black sailor named Crispus Attucks, ropemaker Samuel Gray, and a mariner named James Caldwell), and wounding 8 others, two of whom died later (Samuel Maverick and Patrick Carr).

  9. Boston Tea Party It took nearly three hours for more than 100 colonists to empty the tea into Boston Harbor. The chests held more than 90,000 lbs. (45 tons) of tea, which would cost nearly $1,000,000 dollars today.

  10. SECTION 1 continuedTension Mounts in Massachusetts The Intolerable Acts • King George III,British king, is angered by destruction of tea • 1774, Parliament passes Intolerable Acts (aka the Coercive Acts) as response to Tea Party • Acts close Boston Harbor, quarter soldiers in empty homes/buildings; shuts down Mass colonial government; trials for treason to be held in England • General Thomas Gage puts Boston under martial law—rule by military • First Continental Congress claims colonial rights, supports protests NEXT

  11. SECTION 1 Fighting Erupts at Lexington and Concord To Concord, By the Lexington Road • Civilian militia or minutemen begin to stockpile firearms, 1775 • Resistance leaders John Hancock, Samuel Adams hide in Lexington “The Regulars Are Coming!” • 700 redcoats sent to capture leaders, destroy munitions, April 1775 • Paul Revere, William Dawes, Samuel Prescott warn leaders, townspeople “A Glorious Day for America” • British shoot minutemen in Lexington; kill eight • 3,000–4,000 minutemen ambush British in Concord, kill dozens NEXT

  12. We set off for Concord, and were overtaken by a young gentleman named Prescot, who belonged to Concord, and was going home. When we had got about half way from Lexington to Concord, the other two stopped at a house to awake the men, I kept along ....In an instant I saw four of them, who rode up to me with their pistols in their bands, said ''G---d d---n you, stop. If you go an inch further, you are a dead man.'' Immediately Mr. Prescot came up. We attempted to get through them, but they kept before us, and swore if we did not turn in to that pasture, they would blow our brains out, (they had placed themselves opposite to a pair of bars, and had taken the bars down). They forced us in. When we had got in, Mr. Prescot said "Put on!" He took to the left, I to the right ...Just as I reached it, out started six officers, seized my bridle, put their pistols to my breast, ordered me to dismount, which I did. – Paul Revere, "Account of Midnight Ride to Lexington" (1775)

  13. Section 2 Ideas Help Start a Revolution Tensions increase throughout the colonies until the Continental Congress declares independence on July 4, 1776. NEXT

  14. SECTION 2 Ideas Help Start a Revolution The Colonies Hover Between Peace and War The Second Continental Congress • Second Continental Congress meets May–June 1775 in Philadelphia: - President Randolph dies; J. Hancock in his place - debate independence - recognize militiamen as Continental Army - appoint George Washington commander - print paper money to pay troops Fort Ticonderoga • Colonial forces capture British artillery at Fort Ticonderoga on Lake Champlain (170 miles north of Boston); Benedict Arnold leads the mission, assisted by Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain Boys • Artillery dragged to Boston…the threat of the cannons leads the British to evacuate Boston Continued . . . NEXT

  15. Battle of Fort Ticonderoga The siege of Boston had begun but the colonists were acutely aware that they needed firearms, munitions or cannon. The fort at Ticonderoga, New York contained stores of such armaments. The rebels sneaked into the fort of sleeping troops and demanded its surrender. Not one person was killed in the daring dawn raid. Following the capture of Fort Ticonderoga, Colonel Henry Knox transported more than 60 tons of military supplies including 59 artillery pieces from Fort Ticonderoga to Boston. Ticonderoga’s cannon were placed on Dorchester Heights which had a commanding view of Boston. The threat of the cannon forced the British to evacuate Boston on March 17, 1776 and the Continental Army entered Boston the next day.

  16. SECTION 2 continuedThe Colonies Hover Between Peace and War The Battle of Bunker Hill • British troops attack militia north of Boston in Charlestown, June 1775 • British hold their ground, but at a cost: 450 colonist and over 1,000 British casualties The Olive Branch Petition • July, Congress sends Olive Branch Petition, drafted by John Dickinson of PA, to restore “harmony” • George III rejects petition on the grounds that he would accept no communication from rebels, orders naval blockade NEXT

  17. SECTION 2 The Patriots Declare Independence Common Sense • Thomas Paine’s pamphlet Common Senseattacks king • Argues independence will allow free trade and foreign aid • Independence can give equal social, economic opportunities to all • Almost 500,000 copies of pamphlet sold; convinces many colonists Continued . . . NEXT

  18. Thomas Paine’s Common Sense “Society in every state is a blessing, but government even in its best state is but a necessary evil; in its worst state an intolerable one; for when we suffer, or are exposed to the same miseries by a government, which we might expect in a country without government, our calamity is heightened by reflecting that we furnish the means by which we suffer.”

  19. SECTION 2 continuedThe Patriots Declare Independence Declaring Independence • Congress urges each colony to form own government • Congress appoints committee to prepare formal declaration (Jefferson, Franklin, Adams, Robert Livingston of NJ, and Roger Sherman of CT) • Virginia lawyer Thomas Jefferson chosen to write it • Declaration of Independence—formal statement of separation • SC prevents mention of slavery as an “evil”; NY abstains from voting,,,12-0 in favor of indep. Continued . . . NEXT

  20. SECTION 2 continuedThe Patriots Declare Independence Declaring Independence • Declaration, based on John Locke’s ideas, lists complaints, rights: - people have natural rights to life, liberty, property - people consent to obey a government that protects rights - people can resist or overthrow government • “All men are created equal” means free citizens are political equals • July 4, 1776 delegates adopt declaration NEXT

  21. Declaration of Independence Of the 56 signers, 39 were of English descent. 30 were Episcopalian (Church of England) and 12 were Congregationalists. 3 were Unitarians (John Adams and Thomas Jefferson). Benjamin Franklin, who refused to identify himself with any sect, called himself a “Deist”. Charles Carroll was the only Roman Catholic among the signers. The first among them to die was Button Gwinnett of GA in 1777.

  22. SECTION 2 Americans Choose Sides Loyalists and Patriots • Loyalists—oppose independence, loyal to Crown for different reasons (1/3 of Americans): - work in government, unaware of events, trust crown to protect rights - called “Tories” by the Patriots • Patriots, almost half of population, support independence: - think independence will mean economic opportunity Taking Sides • Groups divided: Quakers, African Americans on both sides • Native Americans support British; colonists threaten their lands NEXT

  23. Section 3 Struggling Toward Saratoga After a series of setbacks, American forces win at Saratoga and survive. NEXT

  24. SECTION 3 Struggling Toward Saratoga The War Moves to the Middle States Defeat in New York • British General Howe plans to isolate New England by taking NYC --32,000 well-trained British soldiers and Hessian mercenaries land in New York, 7/2/76 --Washington has only 18,000 poorly-trained soldiers • Howe attacks Washington in August in Brooklyn • Washington forced to evacuate and heads north • Small skirmishes in the fall…Washington heads south to cover Philly • Washington, chased by Howe into Trenton, crosses the Delaware River into PA on 12/11 • Howe ends chase, stays in Trenton for the winter • With NY lost and Philly in danger, the Congress evacuates Philly for Baltimore NEXT

  25. SECTION 3 Struggling Toward Saratoga The War Moves to the Middle States The Battle of Trenton • Christmas 1776, Washington crosses icy Delaware River into New Jersey • Washington surprises 14,000 Hessians sleeping off a drunken Christmas celebration, wins Battle of Trenton • Eight days later, Americans win Battle of Princeton against British • Washington goes into winter quarters in Morristown; Howe winters in New Brunswick • Horatio Gates given command of northern American forces; Benedict Arnold passed over Continued . . . NEXT

  26. Washington Crosses the Delaware River In the famous picture of Washington Crossing the Delaware, many people find it odd that the river was full of chunks of ice; it doesn't get that way today, but Washington lived during the Little Ice Age. The Little Ice Age occurred between the mid thirteenth century and the 1860s.

  27. SECTION 3 continuedThe War Moves to the Middle States The Fight for Philadelphia •The British plan: General John Burgoyne’s northern army and Howe’s army will meet in Albany to isolate New England • Howe decides to takes Philadelphia instead of meeting with Burgoyne; Philly occupied, but Burgoyne left alone in upstate NY Victory at Saratoga • Gen. John Burgoyne leads British, allies south from Canada • Burgoyne loses repeatedly to Continental Army, militia • Surrounded at Saratoga by Gates, Burgoyne surrenders to Gen. Horatio Gates Continued . . . NEXT

  28. SECTION 3 continuedThe War Moves to the Middle States A Turning Point • Since 1776, French secretly send weapons to Americans; Ben Franklin spends a year trying to get France to help the revolution • French recognize American independence, sign treaty, February 1778 • Alliance meant war between France and England Winter at Valley Forge • Valley Forge—site of Continental Army’s winter camp (1777–1778) • Of 10,000 soldiers, more than 2,000 die of cold and hunger NEXT

  29. Benjamin Franklin in France By the effect which Franklin produced in France, one might say that he fulfilled his mission, not with a court, but with a free people. Diplomatic etiquette did not permit him often to hold interviews with the ministers, but he associated with all the distinguished personages who directed public opinion.

  30. SECTION 3 continuedThe War Moves to the Middle States Monmouth • British leave Philly…Washington leaves Valley Forge and chases them into NJ • Sends 6400 men under Charles Lee…the forces meet up on 6/28/78 at the Monmouth Court House • Battle of Monmouth a draw at 350 casualties each Benedict Arnold’s Treason • Arnold never received credit for his roles at Ticonderoga and Saratoga • Marries a Loyalist in 1779 • Given command of West Point fort on the Hudson River…begins to negotiate its surrender with the British for 20,000 lbs. • Fights on the British side for the remainder of the war NEXT

  31. Benedict Arnold Monument at Saratoga Arnold was shot in the led during the Battle of Saratoga. At the site where he fell is a monument bearing a carving of a boot. The monument speaks of “the most brilliant soldier of the Continental Army” but does not mention his name.

  32. SECTION 3 continuedColonial Life During the Revolution Civilians at War • While husbands fight, women manage homes, businesses • Many women go with troops to wash, cook, mend; some fight • Thousands of African-American slaves escape to cities, frontier • About 5,000 African Americans serve in Continental Army • Most Native Americans stay out of the conflict; some aid British NEXT

  33. Molly Pitcher Molly Pitcher (aka: Mary Ludwig Hays McCauly) was born in 1754, near Trenton, New Jersey. During the American Revolution, she accompanied her husband to the Battle of Monmouth and carried pitchers of water for cooling the cannons, thereby earning her nickname. Supposedly, after her husband collapsed, she took his place at the cannon and served heroically through the battle.

  34. Section 4 Winning the War Strategic victories in the South and at Yorktown enable the Americans to defeat the British. NEXT

  35. SECTION 4 Winning the War European Allies Shift the Balance Foreigners Help the Americans • 1778, Prussian captain Friedrich von Steuben goes to Valley Forge; trains colonists in fighting skills, field maneuvers of regular army • German peasant Johann Kalb (Baron de Kalb) •Polish volunteers --Tadeusz Kosciuszko helped fortify Philly --Casmir Pulaski also died in action • Marquis de Lafayette—19 yr. old French aristocrat, joins Washington at Valley Forge --Lobbies for French troops, 1779; leads command in last years of war NEXT

  36. Baron de Kalb Robert Mills, the designer of the Washington Monument, also designed DeKalb's monument. General LaFayette laid its cornerstone. The epitaph reads: ‘Here lies the remains of Baron DeKalb - A German by birth, but in principle, a citizen of the world.' Six counties in the United States are named for DeKalb, making it the third most popular name for a county in the nation.

  37. SECTION 4 The British Move South • Early British Success in the South • 1778, British take Savannah; royal governor reinstated in Georgia • British armies led by Charles Cornwallis capture Charlestown, SC 1780—greatest victory of war • Rebels and loyalists commit brutal acts in the South • Cornwallis wins Battle of Camden in South Carolina • British Losses in 1781 • 1781, Cornwallis faces Nathaniel Greene (commander of forces in the South) in Carolinas • Greene utilizes militia units to use guerilla attacks to weaken British forces • Weakened Cornwallis gets reinforcements, camps at Yorktown; aided by the traitor Benedict Arnold NEXT

  38. Battle of Camden from The Patriot • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hPK5KDCGF7g

  39. SECTION 4 The British Surrender at Yorktown Victory at Yorktown • Lafayette’s plan: French, Americans attack British at Yorktown • French navy defeats British, blockades Chesapeake Bay • American, French siege Yorktown VA, shell British for three weeks • Cornwallis surrenders October 1781 Continued . . . NEXT

  40. The British surrender at Yorktown The British bands are reputed to have played “The world turned upside down” as the troops marched out to surrender.

  41. SECTION 4 continued The British Surrender at Yorktown Seeking Peace • 1782 peace talks include United States, Britain, France, Spain • American negotiators: John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John Jay • Treaty of Paris signed September 3rd 1783: - U.S. independence recognized - allows for expansion to the West - Spain keeps Florida - ignores Native American rights - promises repayment of debts to British merchants - no date set for British evacuation of forts in U.S. NEXT

  42. SECTION 4 The War Becomes a Symbol of Liberty • The Impact on American Society • War stimulates egalitarianism—belief in equality of “all” people • Equality for white men; women do not gain legal or political rights • African Americans still enslaved; those free face discrimination • Native Americans continue to be forced off their lands by settlers • The Challenge of Creating a Government • U.S. attempts to create government by the people, not by a king • Colonies, now states, resistant to a centralized government; WHY? NEXT

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