Overview and Introduction to Nanotechnology: What, Why and How

1. Overview and Introduction to Nanotechnology: What, Why and How Mark Tuominen Professor of Physics Jonathan Rothstein Professor of Mechanical Eng.

2. Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS):Three Pillars • Disciplinary Core Ideas • Science and Engineering Practices • Crosscutting Concepts

3. Nanotechnology The biggest science initiative since the Apollo program

4. Nanotechnology Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications. 1 nanometer = 1 billionth of a meter = 1 x 10-9 m nano.gov

5. Why do we want to make things at the nanoscale? • To make better products: smaller, cheaper, faster, more effective and help sustainability. (Electronics, catalysts, water purification, solar cells, coatings, medical diagnostics & therapy, and more.) • To discover completely new physical phenomena to science and technology. (Quantum behavior and other effects.)

6. Single Hair Width = 0.1 mm How small are nanostructures? = 100 micrometers = 100,000 nanometers !

7. DNA 6,000 nanometers 3 nanometers 10 nm objects made by guided self-assembly Smaller still Hair . 100,000 nanometers

8. The Scale of Things – Nanometers and More Ant ~ 5 mm Dust mite 200 mm Fly ash ~ 10-20 mm DNA ~2-1/2 nm diameter Atoms of silicon spacing 0.078 nm Things Natural Things Manmade 1 cm 10 mm 10-2 m Head of a pin 1-2 mm The Challenge 1,000,000 nanometers = 10-3 m 1 millimeter (mm) MicroElectroMechanical (MEMS) devices 10 -100 mm wide Microwave 0.1 mm 100 mm 10-4 m Human hair ~ 60-120 mm wide Microworld 0.01 mm 10 mm 10-5 m Pollen grain Red blood cells Infrared Red blood cells (~7-8 mm) Zone plate x-ray “lens”Outer ring spacing ~35 nm 1,000 nanometers = 10-6 m 1 micrometer (mm) Visible Fabricate and combine nanoscale building blocks to make useful devices, e.g., a photosynthetic reaction center with integral semiconductor storage. 0.1 mm 100 nm 10-7 m Ultraviolet Self-assembled, Nature-inspired structureMany 10s of nm Nanoworld 0.01 mm 10 nm 10-8 m ~10 nm diameter Nanotube electrode ATP synthase 10-9 m 1 nanometer (nm) Carbon buckyball ~1 nm diameter Soft x-ray Carbon nanotube ~1.3 nm diameter 10-10 m 0.1 nm Quantum corral of 48 iron atoms on copper surface positioned one at a time with an STM tip Corral diameter 14 nm Office of Basic Energy Sciences Office of Science, U.S. DOE Version 05-26-06, pmd

9. Types of Nanostructures and How They Are Made

10. Nanoscale Devices and Systems "Nanostructures" Nano-objects Nanostructured Materials "nanorod" "nanoparticle" "nanofilm" "nanotube" and more nanoscale outer dimensions nanoscale internal structure Integrated nano-objects and materials

11. Lithography • Deposition • Etching • Machining • Chemical • Self-Assembly Making Nanostructures: Nanomanufacturing "Top down" versus "bottom up" methods

12. Some nanomaterials are just alternate arrangements of well-known materials Carbon materials 2010 Nobel Prize!

13. A nanofilm method:Thermal Evaporation sample QCM Vaporization or sublimation of a heated material onto a substrate in a vacuum chamber film vapor Au, Cr, Al, Ag, Cu, SiO, others Pressure is held low to prevent contamination! vacuum ~10-7 torr source There are many other thin film manufacturing techniques heating source vacuum pump

14. spin coating apply spin bake spin on resist resist expose unexposed exposed mask (reticle) "scission" develop deposit liftoff narrow line process recipe substrate Patterning: Photolithography narrow trench etch

15. Release Imprint Pressure Heat or Cure Mold Template Polymer or Prepolymer Substrate Patterning: Imprint Lithography • Thermal Imprint Lithography • Emboss pattern into thermoplastic or thermoset with heating • UV-Assisted Imprint Lithography • Curing polymer while in contact with hard, transparent mold

16. Limits of Lithography • Complex devices need to be patterned several times • Takes time and is expensive • Limited by wavelength of light • Deep UV ~ 30nm features • Can use electrons instead • 1nm features possible • MUCH slower than optical IBM - Copper Wiring On a Computer Chip

17. Self Assembly

18. Immiscibility and phase separation:Driven by intermolecular interactions Polymer mixture Olive oil Balsamic vinegar Thermodynamically driven

19. ~10 nm SELF ASSEMBLY with DIBLOCK COPOLYMERS Block “B” Block “A” PS PMMA Scale set by molecular size Ordered Phases 10% A 30% A 50% A 70% A 90% A

20. Nanomagnets in a Self-Assembled Polymer Mask nanoporous template 1x1012 magnets/in2 Data Storage... ...and More

21. A Message for Students- Nanotechnology is changing practically every part of our lives. It is a field for people who want to solve technological challenges facing societies across the world. - There are well-paying, interesting jobs – technician, engineer, scientist, manufacturing, sales, and others.