cooling and heating large facilities with the supporting power of the

1: 1 Cooling and Heating (large) facilities with the supporting power of the …the absorption cooling process converts water heated to 80 degrees by fossil fuels or the power of the sun to cold water of about 8 degrees…

2: 2 Reasons for the use of solar energy for heating and cooling Reduces operational costs of facilities Reduces dependency on fossil energy supply and/or electricity Contributes to a healthy environment by cooling without the use of toxic gases Use of renewable energy contributes to the reduction of CO2 emissions

3: 3 Saving money through Solar energy utilisation Amortisation after only 5 years possible** Conventional heating / cooling systems do not have an amortisation potential Low operational costs facilitate higher profits

4: 4 Solar applications in Europe On the increase with; Greece being the largest user of installed solar an collectors with annual sun radiation* of 1500 kWh/m2 GR is followed closely by Germany & Austria with an annual radiation of only 950 – 1200 kWh/m2 Mediterranean countries with values of >1500 kWh/m2 utilize solar energy least

5: 5 

6: 6 The reduction of CO2 emissions was agreed at Kyoto** & adopted by the EU 50% of the green house effect is caused by burning of fossil fuels (CO2) and 22% by CFCs & HFC gases used in conventional cooling A reduction can only be achieved if; renewable energy systems are used cooling systems are used which do not use toxic gases (absorption cooling) Solar utilisation reduces CO2 emissions….

7: 7 to support political programmes in reducing CO2 emissions… The EU target until 2012…

8: 8 Solar energy is available throughout the year to; Heat during the cold months with temp.< 60oC Cool, using an absorption thermo chemical process during hot months with temp. > 80oC

9: 9 Components in the utilisation of solar energy facilitating cooling Solar collectors achieve yields up to 0,6 kW/m2 Modern heat exchangers have low heat losses Use of large buffer storage tanks to retain collected energy Separating sanitary water from buffer water Absorption cooling requiring heat > 80oC which is achievable through solar energy in summer Tele-monitoring of the controls (also from abroad) to optimise efficiency of plant

10: 10 The absorption cooling cycle …is similar to a vapour compression cycle in that it relies on 3 basic principals; When liquid is heated it vaporizes (boils) and when gas is cooled it condenses Lowering the pressure of a liquid reduces its boiling point Heat flows from warmer to cooler mediums

11: 11 absorption cooling–continued Instead of mechanically compressing a gas, the absorption cooling relies on a thermo-chemical compressor Two different fluids are used that dissolve easily in one another; water under a vacuum as refrigerant ammonia or LiBr* as an absorbent The refrigerant (water) can change from liquid to vapour state easily and is circulated through the system driven by the heat of the solar plant >80 degrees

12: 12 The Environmental Benefits The ammonia used in the closed cooling system is safe, odourless and non-toxic Ammonia carries no risk to the ozone layer The hot water heated by the sun used as the primary energy source carries no risk to the environment Should a support* energizer be required, waste product combustion can be used as well as any conventional energy source such as gas, oil or electricity

13: 13 Solar Cooling of EAR Tower

14: 14 Cost and Efficiency for Solar Heating and Cooling Plants depend on; Location of building in respect to the sun Quality of building in respect to thermal insulation and glazing standards used Usable floor area of the building Buffer size to store heated water during periods of reduced solar yield Heating / cooling requirements of the users Type of supporting energizer

15: 15 Indicative cost for a complete solar heating/cooling plant… Cost per m2 usable area is ~200 €*, for; Design, commissioning of plant (consultant services) Solar plant for heating/cooling made up of; the required solar collectors (~15% of usable floor area) heat exchanger and pumps buffer reservoir with separate boiler for sanitary water absorption cooling machine with cooling tower fan coil units to dissipate the energy Waste combustion, gas or oil fired support system Control components and tele-monitoring

16: 16 Consultancy Services and Tools….

17: 17 …noting that; the herein described system is hydraulic as it is more efficient to air based systems to transport the collected solar energy* all air ventilation needs are to be dealt with separately which will increase the cost of the plant by up to 50 €/m2 floor area the energy required to heat or cool the circulated air can be supplied by the described system at no extra cost The square meter price for solar collectors do not exceed 200 €/m2 with yield of 0,6 kW/m2

18: 18 Situation in Kosovo… KEK* produces approx. 3 GW of electricity by coal per annum (losses not considered) It is assumed that about 2,2 M people live Kosovo in about 280 T households That puts the per head consumption at 1,364 kW/per annum against Portugal** with 4TkW/a Consumption per household 10,714 kW/annum Noting that about 30% of the population live in urban centres… It is assumed that people living in towns will consume double to the pop living in villages

19: 19 Household consumption… of people living in towns could be as high as 25,000 kWh* per annum per household This amounts to an energy need of up to 250 kW/h/m2 usable floor area assuming a 100 m2 dwelling, against current EU needs of 100 kW/h/m2 (in similar climatic conditions) This energy need can be reduces by 20%, if; the facility receives thermal insulation (external) the facility receives air tight windows / doors the windows / doors receive thermal glazing the roof / basement are sufficiently insulated

20: 20 What actions should be set to reduce the energy need? Energy consumption of a medium sized house should be reduced from 250 kW/m2 per year to at least 100 kW / m2 / year To reduce demand by 60% of current e-usage a combination of activities are required

21: 21 Energy saving in residential houses Further savings can only be achieved if alternative energy systems are used for; Heating or cooling a facility (15%) Heating up sanitary water (15%) Cooking (10%) For the hydraulic systems solar plants are recommended whilst for cooking, gas is the only real feasible alternative

22: 22 Potential Saving per household By an annual electrical consumption of 25 mWh, or 2,083 kWh* per month, installing alternative heating systems for; hot water, can save 6,5 mWh per annum central heating, save 6,0 mWh per annum cooking with gas instead of electricity the total electrical power thereby saved per annum will amount to ~15 mWh, saving 750 €** from the annual electricity bill

23: 23 Producing components that can be used to utilize solar power, e.g.; Solar collectors Boilers (used as buffer storage tanks) Making and installing solar heaters Making and installing central heating systems for residential and public buildings Photovoltaic technology and their applications Thermal insulation; Material production, also organic Providing thermal façades to facilities Market Potentials for Kosovo?

24: 24 Companies involved in the Solar Plant at the EAR Tower*