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Introduction to Metadata

Introduction to Metadata. Metadata Working Group Forum September 21, 2007 Presented by Metadata Services Department Presenters: Glen Wiley, Nancy Solla, Greg Nehler. PART I: Overview. Bring order to information. Bring order to information. Dr. Frank Chardonnay (2005) Metadata

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Introduction to Metadata

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  1. Introduction to Metadata Metadata Working Group Forum September 21, 2007 Presented by Metadata Services Department Presenters: Glen Wiley, Nancy Solla, Greg Nehler

  2. PART I: Overview

  3. Bring order to information

  4. Bring order to information • Dr. Frank Chardonnay (2005) • Metadata • Type: White • Price: $14.99 • Quantity: 750ml • Analysis: Alcohol 13.3%; Acidity .56g/100 ml; • pH 3.40; Sugar 0.4% • Description: The floral and fruity personality of this wine with mineral and toasty elements is in harmony with this style of Chardonnay. • Use: Goes great with seafood, a creamy Alfredo sauce, roasted chicken or turkey.

  5. Bring order to information • Categorizes • Contextualizes • Summarizes • Gives local meaning

  6. Definition of Metadata Most common: “Data about data”  too vague to be meaningful Definition by ALA CC:DA: • “Metadata are structured, encoded data that describe characteristics of information-bearing entities to aid in the identification, discovery, assessment, and management of the described entities.“ • ALCTS Committee on Cataloging Task Force on Metadata Summary Report (June 1999)

  7. Definition of metadata • “…machine understandable information about web resources or other things” -- Tim Berners-Lee, Director of World Wide Web Consortium • “structured data about resources that can be used to help support a wide range of operations” – Michael Day, UKOLN • “Metadata” comes from the computer science field • Emerged from database research community in the late 60’s and early 70’s • Digital or non-digital; Human or machine readable

  8. Why Metadata? The function of organizing & managing information –for discovery & retrieval –to enable data interchange or sharing –resource enrichment –resource management, including preservation

  9. Why Metadata? What other functions can be supported? •Verification of authenticity •Intellectual property rights management •Content-rating •Authentication and authorization •Personalization and localization of services

  10. Metadata Discovery Where can metadata be found? • Within a resource • Directly linked to the resource • Detached from resource

  11. Metadata can be found… Within a resource • Title page and table of contents (books) • META tags in document headers (Web pages) • ID3 metadata (MP3) • "file properties" (office documents) • EXIF data (images)

  12. Metadata can be found… Directly linked to the resource •Using the Link rel="meta" elements (Web pages) <link rel="meta" href="index.php.rdf" /> Links web page to other metadata formats: Dublin Core, RDF, IEEE LOM, etc RDF Document Web Page

  13. Metadata can be found… Independently managed in a separate database; can be linked by identifiers •This is the most common approach Book CD-ROM Database MetadataRecord MetadataRecord Web Resource Archival Object MetadataRecord MetadataRecord

  14. Metadata for a Manuscript Dublin Core metadata: identifier:http://idserver.utk.edu/?id=200600000001212 publisher: University of Tennessee Libraries format: image/jpeg format: manuscript title: Letter, John Shrady in Knoxville, Tenn., to Jeannie Lockhart description: In this letter, dated December 25, 1863 from Knoxville, Tenn., to "My Own Darling," John Shrady, a regimental surgeon, describes his journey to Knoxville, Tenn via Chattanooga. Additionally, he discusses the probability that he will get an appointment in a hospital, pointing out that the "facilities" are not generally in good shape. subject: Knoxville (Tenn.) -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865. creator: Shrady, John relation: Finding Aid: 1436; John Shrady Letters; Special Collections Library, The University of Tennessee rights: For rights relating to this resource, visit http://idserver.utk.edu/?id=200600000001198 Archival Object

  15. Functions of metadata Popular Categorizations • Descriptive • Administrative • Structural • Other typologies of metadata • Asset/Use/Subject/Relation • Integration/Semantic

  16. Cornell University Library & Metadata • EAD archival finding aids with RMC & Kheel Center • VIVO’s semantic metadata • Publisher-supplied e-journal metadata • MARC records in Voyager • Project Euclid subscription-level and issue-level metadata • VRA Core metadata with Visual Resources Collections • TEI Lite conversion scheme with Hearth Project • Etc….

  17. Descriptive Metadata • Descriptive of the intellectual content • Discovery, identification, selection, collocation, acquisition Sample elements: • unique identifiers (PURL, Handle) • physical attributes (media, dimensions condition) • bibliographic attributes (title, author/creator, language, keywords)

  18. Descriptive Metadata Sample implementations: • Dublin Core • MARC • HTML Meta Tags _____________________________________ • EAD (Encoded Archival Description) • TEI (Text Encoding Initiative) Header • METS (Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard) • MODS (Metadata Object Description Schema) – MARC-21-based.

  19. Descriptive Metadata: LibeCast RSS feed

  20. Administrative Metadata • Technical (file size, resolution, format) • Digital Rights Management (authentication, access) • Preservation (provenance) Sample elements: • Light source • Owner • Copyright date • Copying and distribution limitations • License information • Preservation activities • Scanner type and model • Image resolution • Bit depth • Color space • File format • Compression

  21. Administrative Metadata Sample implementations: • MOA2, Administrative Metadata Elements • National Library of Australia, Preservation Metadata for Digital Collections • Preservation Metadata: Implementation Strategies (PREMIS) • International Press Telecommunications Council (IPTC) Core

  22. Administrative Metadata From http://depot.northwestern.edu/~mcdough/l/ala07nrmig/metadata-inpractice-northwestern-distro.pdf

  23. Structural Metadata Defining components of information, like a “binder” for information objects Sample elements: • Title page • Table of contents • Chapters or parts • Errata • Index • sub-object relationship (e.g., photograph from a diary) • Movement markings or section letters (scores) • Track listings (audio recordings)

  24. Structural Metadata Sample implementations: • Encoded Archival Description (EAD) • MOA2, Structural Metadata Elements • Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard (METS)

  25. Structural Metadata:

  26. Semantic metadata Definition: • Metadata that describe contextually relevant or domain-specific information about content (in the right context) based on a domain specific metadata model (e.g., industry-specific or enterprise specific) or ontology is known as semantic metadata. • Semantic metadata annotates or enhances information

  27. Semantic metadata Examples: • Cornell’s VIVO • Semantic metadata in the business domain could be: • company name, ticker symbol, industry, sector, executives, etc., • Semantic metadata in the intelligence domain could be: • terrorist name, event, location, organization, etc. Metadata that offer greater depth and more insight ‘about the information falls under the semantic metadata category.

  28. Semantic metadata BEA Systems and PeopleSoft all engage in the "competes with" relationship with Oracle Image from http://www.semagix.com/documents/SEII.pdf

  29. Metadata building blocks • The basic unit of metadata is a statement. • A statement consists of a property(aka, element) and avalue. • a resource that has a name and is used to describe a specific aspect, characteristic, attribute or relation used to describe a resource.  • Since a property is a resource, a property can have properties, but most of the time we are only really interested in the name. • Metadata statements describe resources. • Resources are anything that can be uniquely identified  • A Resource may be part of a web page or even a whole collection of pages • From DC 2006, Manzanillo, Colima, 3 Oct 2006 Kurth, Basic DC Semantics, slide 7; http://dublincore.org/resources/training/dc-2006/Tutorial1.pdf

  30. Metadata building blocks • A specific resource together with a named property plus a value of that property for that resource is an statement • From DC 2006, Manzanillo, Colima, 3 Oct 2006, Kurth, Basic DC Semantics, slide 8; http://dublincore.org/resources/training/dc-2006/Tutorial1.pdf

  31. Metadata building blocks What are the properties and values in these metadata statements? Example 2: <title>View of Ithaca Gorge</title> <type>Image</type> Example 1: 245 00 $a Mann Library Chats in the Stacks $h [electronic resource]

  32. Metadata building blocks • A specific resource together with a named property plus a value of that property for that resource is an statement Resource Statement Value Property

  33. Metadata Scheme Definitions: • “a set of metadata elements and rules for their uses that has been defined for a particular purpose” --(Caplan, 2003) • A set of metadata elements and the rules for using it. • “A collection of metadata elements gathered to support a function, or a series of functions (e.g., resource discovery, administration, use, etc.), for an information object.” –(Greenberg, 2005)

  34. Metadata Schemas & Initiatives • CDWA (Categories for the Description of Works of Art) • Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI) • EAD (Encoded Archival Description) • FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (CSDGM) • LOM (Learning Object Metadata) • METS (Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard) • MIX (Metadata for Images in XML Schema) • MODS (Metadata Object Description Schema) • TEI (Text Encoding Initiative) • VRA (Visual Resources Association) Core Categories • etc….

  35. Related to metadata schemas • Namespace is a unique place to contextualize elements and to avoid element name conflicts • Dublin Core Metadata Element Set, Version 1.1 [http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/] • Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus [http://www.getty.edu/research/conducting_research/vocabularies/aat] • Syntax is the rules for encoding the elements or technical implementation • XML, SGML, MARC • Content Rules define selection and representation of the elements • Cataloging rules like AACR2 • Semantics is the basic meaning of the metadata elements • Definition of author

  36. Application Profile • Definition: An application profile is an assemblage of metadata elements selected from one or more metadata schemas and combined in a compound schema. • SOURCE: Duval, E., et al. Metadata Principles and Practicalities, D-Lib Magazine, April 2002, http://www.dlib.org/dlib/april02/weibel/04weibel.html Schema 1 MetadataRecord MetadataRecord Application Profile Schema 2 MetadataRecord MetadataRecord

  37. Application Profile Subsets of metadata elements implemented by a particular group • METS profile for primary textual resources • ETD-MS, Dublin Core for ETDs • Particular Library’s Application Profile for Digital Collections

  38. Application Profile KMODDL Application Profilehttp://kmoddl.library.cornell.edu/aboutmeta2.php • Specifies the elements, refinements and encoding schemes used by The Kinematic Models for Design Digital Library (KMODDL) for its metadata records

  39. Application Profile Identifying desired metadata elements for the collection • What are the desired elements? • Is there an explanation and description of the element? • Do you have an example? • Is the implementation mandatory or optional? Repeatable? • What common or core data is needed? • What data do your various user groups need? • What established data standards (e.g.,MARC, EAD, CDWA) might fit the information needs of your institution? • What data do you intend to “deliver” to your various end-user groups? • Relationship and dependency specification

  40. Application Profile • Decision for value spaces: content and value specifications, vocabularies • What is the element’s name and how do you define its value? • ELEMENT NAMES: • Agent – vra.agent • Title – vra.title • Language – dc.language • Collection Type – cu.collectiontype • VALUE CONTROL • Agent • --Yes, name authority •  Local & LC Name Authority • --Yes, by rule •  Personal: Last, M. First • Organization: Bigger unit, smaller unit • --No

  41. Interoperability Facilitating interoperability • Using defined metadata schemes, shared transfer protocols, and crosswalks between schemes, resources across the network can be searched more seamlessly. • Cross-system search, e.g., using Z39.50 protocol; • Metadata harvesting, e.g., OAI protocol. • Source: NISO. (2004) Understanding Metadata.Bethesda, MD: NISO Press, pp.1-2.

  42. Crosswalking Metadata Definition of crosswalk: • Technical & semantic mapping of elements from one metadata framework to another metadata framework • "a set of transformations applied to the content of elements in a source metadata standard that results in the storage of appropriately modified content in the analogous elements of a target metadata standard." • Source: NISO White Paper, October 1998

  43. Crosswalking Metadata Example from http://www.niso.org/standards/resources/UnderstandingMetadata.pdf, page 12

  44. Crosswalking Metadata 655_7 |a Photographs |2 aat GOES TO <genreform>Photographs</genreform> GOES TO <dc.type>Image</dc.type> MARC 21 EAD Dublin Core

  45. Crosswalking Metadata Excel Spreadsheet MARC Catalog Record MODS DC PREMIS EAD Record METS Record

  46. Creation and tools Categories of Creation Tools • Templates • Mark-up tools • Extraction tools • Conversion tools

  47. Creation and tools Software Specific Template Fill in the individual values for each metadata element Greenstone Digital Library Software

  48. Creation and tools Metadata Mark-up Tools Create metadata using an XML editor oXygen XML editor

  49. Creation and tools Metadata Extraction Tools Web page URL or file location goes here National Library of New Zealand’s Preservation Metadata Extraction Tool

  50. Creation and tools • Examples of Metadata Creation Tools • Dublin Core toolshttp://dublincore.org/tools • National Library of New Zealand’s Preservation Metadata Extraction Tool http://meta-extractor.sourceforge.net/ • TEI Softwarehttp://www.tei-c.org/Software/index.html • Customized Templates for EAD-Encoded Finding Aidshttp://www.cdlib.org/inside/projects/oac/toolkit/templates/ • EAD Tools & Helper Files http://www.archivists.org/saagroups/ead/tools.html

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