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Biogeochemical Cycles: Integration Across the Land- Estuary-Continental Shelf-Ocean Continuum

Biogeochemical Cycles: Integration Across the Land- Estuary-Continental Shelf-Ocean Continuum. Sybil P. Seitzinger Rutgers University Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences New Brunswick, NJ. Major Topics. Global models of nutrient export from land to coastal oceans

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Biogeochemical Cycles: Integration Across the Land- Estuary-Continental Shelf-Ocean Continuum

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  1. Biogeochemical Cycles: Integration Across the Land- Estuary-Continental Shelf-Ocean Continuum Sybil P. Seitzinger Rutgers University Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences New Brunswick, NJ

  2. Major Topics • Global models of nutrient export from land to coastal oceans • Fate of N along the river – estuary – shelf continuum - denitrification • Effect of nutrient sources and sinks on coastal ocean primary production - 3-D hydrodynamic plankton model • DOM – opening the Black Box

  3. Human Impacts at Global Scales • Global models of nutrient export from land to coastal oceans

  4. WatershedSources of Nutrients to Coastal Ecosystems N Forms: DIN – ammonia, nitrate DON – Black Box PN

  5. Approach Measured N Export by Range of Rivers Model Predict N Export f(N Inputs to Watersheds) + Spatially Explicit Global Data Bases Spatial Pattern N Export Globally

  6. NO3 Export = f(HumanSewage , Fertilizer Use, Atmos. Dep.) ( Human x 1.85 kg N Population person-1 yr-1 x Fraction urban + NO3 Export = 0.7 x ) [0.4 x Water Runoff 0.8]x [Fert Use + Atmos. Dep.] Model Calculation of NO3 Export by Global Rivers from Caraco & Cole, 1999

  7. Fertilizer 1990kg N km-2 y-1 Bouwman et al. 1995

  8. NOy 1990 NOy Atmospheric Deposition - 1990 kg N km-2 y-1 Dentener and Crutzen, 1994 • + Gridded Data bases for: • Global population (U.N.) • Water runoff • Watershed delineation

  9. Model vs. Measured Seitzinger & Kroeze, Global Biogeochemical Cycles 12:93-133, 1998

  10. Model Predicted DIN Export by Rivers kg N km-2 watershed y-1 Seitzinger & Kroeze, 1998

  11. N. Hemisphere 87% 18.2 S. Hemisphere 13% 2.6 DIN Export by Rivers Tg N y-1 Equator Seitzinger & Kroeze, 1998

  12. DIN, World RegionsTg N y-1 1.5 0.9 4.1 1.6 5.3 U.S. 4.2 Global Total 21 Tg = 1012g Seitzinger & Kroeze, 1998

  13. Source Apportionment of DIN Export Sewage Fertilizer USA Fertilizer Precipitation Sewage Precipitation Tg = 1012g Seitzinger & Kroeze, 1998

  14. Imagining the Future

  15. Inputs, 1990 & 2050to Global Watersheds Business-as-Usual Scenario Kroeze & Seitzinger, 1998

  16. Fertilizer, 1990 & 2050kg N km-2 y-1 1990 Bouwman et al. 1995 2050 Bouwman et al. pers. comm

  17. Atmospheric Deposition NOykg N km-2 y-1 1990 Dentener and Crutzen, 1994 2050 Dentener, pers. comm.

  18. 1990 and 2050 DIN Export by Rivers for World Regions 2050 1990 Kroeze & Seitzinger, 1998

  19. Research Needs • Other forms (particulate, dissolved organic) • Other elements (P, C, Si…….) • Time varying (seasonal, daily….) • Finer spatial resolution input data including hydrology • Enhanced global databases • Process-based models

  20. Global NEWS Nutrient Export from Watersheds UNESCO-IOC Workgroup • Other forms (particulate, dissolved organic) • Other elements (P, C, Si…….) • Time varying (seasonal, daily….) • Finer spatial resolution input data including hydrology • Enhanced global databases • Process-based models – NASA IDS

  21. Average SRP Yield by Watershed (kg P/km2/yr) Harrison, Seitzinger & Caraco, in prep.

  22. Major Topics • Global models of nutrient export from land to coastal oceans • Fate of N along the river – estuary – shelf continuum - denitrification • Effect of nutrient sources and sinks on coastal ocean primary production - 3-D hydrodynamic plankton model • DOM – opening the Black Box

  23. Denitrification NO3/2 N2O N2

  24. Denitrification of terrestrial N sources Rivers Estuaries Continental Shelf Oceanic

  25. Connecting the Ocean Margin to Estuaries and OceansNorth Atlantic From Seitzinger & Giblin 1996 13 143 72-97 46-63

  26. Connecting the Ocean Margin to Estuaries and OceansNorth Atlantic From Seitzinger & Giblin 1996 13 143 46-63 72-97 Denitrification River N N, 1010 mol N/y Atmos. Dep. Sources Sinks

  27. Connecting the Ocean Margin to Estuaries and OceansNorth Atlantic From Seitzinger & Giblin 1996 13 143 46-63 72-97 Onwelling Denitrification N, 1010 mol N/y River N Atmos. Dep. Sources Sinks

  28. Integrating Landscapes to WaterscapesDenitrification – Global View Terrestrial Rivers Estuaries Ocean Margins Oceanic

  29. Dynamic Biogeochemical/Hydrodynamic Model of the MAB K. Fennel et al. in prep.; ASLO 2004 • N Based Plankton Model • Fasham et al. 1990 • Sediment Denitrification • Seitzinger & Giblin 1996

  30. Dynamic Biogeochemical/Hydrodynamic Model of the MAB K. Fennel et al. in prep.; ASLO 2004 • N Based Plankton Model • Fasham et al. 1990 • Sediment Denitrification • Seitzinger & Giblin 1996 River N Inputs Across Shelf Transport

  31. Time for the Movie !

  32. 2-yr simulations, starting from same initial condition in January 1994 after a 1-yr spinup

  33. Denitrification River Nutrients Annual Primary Production K. Fennel et al. unpubl. ASLO 2004

  34. Denitrification River Nutrients Annual Primary Production Denitrification River Nutrients K. Fennel et al. in prep. ASLO 2004

  35. Denitrification River Nutrients Katja Fennel – kfennel@imcs.rutgers.edu Denitrification River Nutrients Denitrification River Nutrients

  36. Research Needs • 3-D hydrodynamic/biogeochemical models global estuaries and shelf (C,N,P, …..) • Enhanced observation systems for coastal ecosystems (remote sensing, in situ) • Nutrient-plankton-sediment dynamics • Higher trophic levels

  37. Advanced Analytical Capabilities

  38. Major Topics • Global models of nutrient export from land to coastal oceans • Fate of N along the river – estuary – shelf continuum - denitrification • Effect of nutrient sources and sinks on coastal ocean primary production - 3-D hydrodynamic plankton model • DOM – opening the Black Box

  39. DOM Compounds • 100’s to 1000’s of different DOM compounds DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM

  40. B B B B B B B B B B B B Resource Utilization by Microbial Communities: Is it Chaos? • 100’s to 1000’s different DOM compounds • 100’s+ different species of bacteria DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM chemical composition, sources, and bioavailability of DOM are not well known

  41. Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry – ESI-MS Molecular Level Analysis Instrument • Soft ionization, no fragmentation • Mass range = 50-3000 • Direct injection of sample (20 µl) • Positive and negative ionization modes • (Rutgers LC/APESI-MS/CLND facility • Agilent 1100) Data • mass to charge ratio (m/z), 50-3000 • abundance • basic/acidic properties (+/- mode) of functional groups Ion Abundance m/z

  42. ESI-Mass Spectra of Streams L and M Stream L Stream M 1435 “compounds” 1751 “compounds” Ion Abundance Ion Abundance m/z m/z Seitzinger et al. accepted L&O

  43. Only Stream L Both Stream L and M Only Stream M Similarity in DOM Composition in 2 Streams Stream L Stream M 1435 “compounds” 1751 “compounds” Ion Abundance Ion Abundance m/z m/z Seitzinger et al. accepted L&O

  44. • Spring-collected stream water • Inoculated with freshwater bacteria local pond • Incubated in the dark for 12 days Bioavailability of DOM in Streams Time series samples (days 0, 2, 6, 12) Bacterial analysis: Bulk analysis: Molecular level analysis: 3H leucine incorp DOC ESI-MS

  45. Bulk Measures of Bioavailability Bacterial Production DOC Utilization 51% Stream L 43% Stream M similar in both streams

  46. Patterns of Change in Abundance of Individual “Compounds” - m/z m/z 335 m/z 179 m/z 191

  47. Bioavailability Experiment: Molecular Level Results Stream M

  48. B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B Resource Utilization by Microbial Communities- Is it Chaos? DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM DOM

  49. High Degree of Similarity in Utilization of m/z’s between Replicate Flasks Stream L m/z 265 Flask 1 2 Experiment Day

  50. High Degree of Similarity in Utilization of m/z’s between Replicate Flasks Seitzinger et al. accepted L&O

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