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Application Status and Issues of Electric Double Layer Capacitors for Electric Railway

Application Status and Issues of Electric Double Layer Capacitors for Electric Railway. Beijing Jiaotong University Zhongping YANG 2012. 3. 1. Energy storage technology and Electric Railway. In recent years, energy storage technology is rapidly developing.

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Application Status and Issues of Electric Double Layer Capacitors for Electric Railway

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  1. Application Status and Issues of Electric Double Layer Capacitors for Electric Railway Beijing Jiaotong University Zhongping YANG 2012. 3. 1

  2. Energy storage technology and Electric Railway • In recent years, energy storage technology is rapidly developing. • Energy storage devices • Secondary battery, fuel cell ,flywheel, electric double layer capacitor , SMES etc. • The appearance of energy storage devices makes the electric railway become more energy-saving, environmentally-friendly mode of transportation. Lithium ion battery Flywheel EDLC

  3. Applications of energy storage in electric railways • 1988, Flywheel, Keihin Electric Express Railway, Japan • 2000, Flywheel, hybrid DMU ‘LIREX’, Germany • 2002, Pure flywheel tram ‘PPM’, Seven Valley Railway, UK. • 2003, Lithium-ion battery, hybrid LRV ‘Hi-tram’, Japan • 2005, Ni-MH dual LRV, France • 2006, Lithium-ion battery + fuel cell, hybrid EMU, East Japan Railway • 2007, EDLC, Seibu Railway, Japan • 2007, EDLC, Line 5, Beijing Subway, China • ……

  4. The expected effects (1)Vehicle • Regenerated energy absorbed and reused • Preventing regeneration failure • Energy saving • Improvement of acceleration characteristics • Ability to drive to the next stationin the case of electric power failure • Hybrid railway vehicle can be developed

  5. The expected effects (1)Vehicle Engine CKD6E5000 (China) Lithium-ion battery

  6. The expected effects(2)Power feeding system • Suppressing catenary voltage fluctuation • Reduction of peak power

  7. The expected effects (3)Environment and operation • The LRV may run in partially non-electrified line to maintain the beauty of landscapes • The catenary is fully or partially removed • Direct operation between electrified and non-electrified line

  8. Which storage device is suitable (1)Energy density and power density • Battery: high energy density, low power density • EDLC: high power density, low energy density Source : Maxwell Technologies SA

  9. Which storage device is suitable (2)Efficiency and lifetime • Battery: Lifetime depends on charge / discharge cycles • EDLC:High numbers of cycles, long lifetime, • rapid charge / discharge Source : www.electricitystorage.org

  10. All energy storage devices have been applied There are no conclusions about which one is the best. In this lecture, the application of EDLCs will be discussed. Which storage device is suitable (3)

  11. Some cases of the application

  12. Some cases of the application Germany Hybrid LRV with ‘ MITRAC Energy Saver’ in Mannheim. 12

  13. Some cases of the application France Hybrid LRV with EDLC ‘Citadis’ on Line T3 in Paris network. Source: Jean-Paul Moskowitz Jean-Luc Cohuau ‘ALSTOM and RATP experience of supercapacitors in tramway operation’ BB63000 Locomotive 13

  14. Some cases of the application Portugal Hybrid LRV with EDLC ‘Combino’ in Portugal.

  15. Some cases of the application Japan Hybrid commuter EMU ‘313 series’ with EDLC in JR Central Japan.

  16. Some cases of the application China The SITRAS SES stationary energy storage system has been used in Line 5, Beijing Subway . There were four sets of system installed in four substations. 16

  17. Some cases of the application China Composition of EDLCs for Line 5, Beijing Subway

  18. Applied Issues (1)EDLCs own performance • Further improvement in energy density • Theimprovementof energydensity is expected to be as much as twice every 10 years • Safety • High temperature resistance • Don’t release poisonous gases when electrolyte solution is burned • The voltage balance in series • The reduction of cost

  19. Applied Issues (1)EDLCs own performance Nanochitan lithium (nano-LTO) / carbon nanofibers (CNF) composite Positive electrode Negative electrode - Activated carbon - e- - - - CNF ‐ Pores - - - High electric conductivity + - - Activated Carbon - - Nano-sized LTO - LTO/CNF composite High ionic accessibility (ca. 5-20 nm) - - - - Li4Ti5O12 + 3Li+ + 3e⇔ Li7Ti5O12 - + + + + + + + + + + Source: NIPPONCHEMI-CON ・ Energy Density: 30Wh / L (about three times the conventional activated carbon capacitor) ・Power density: 6kW / L (equivalent to conventional)

  20. Applied Issues (1)EDLCs own performance Power density ／kW・kg-1 Energy density ／Wh・kg-1 100 90 80 Lithium Battery Ni-MH battery 70 HEV regenerative energyrecovery 60 Nano-hybrid capacitor 50 Copier and printer Railway applications Lead-acid battery 40 30 20 Conventional activated carbon capacitor 10 12 8 10 2 4 6 0 20

  21. Applied Issues (2) The position of installation • Wayside • On-board • The strong constraint on the weight and space. • To achieve the objectives , choosing the smaller capacityis important. • Evaluation of life-cycle cost is strongly required by users.

  22. Applied Issues (3)Capacity setting and control strategy • It is important to determine the suitable capacity on wayside or on-board • Different purposes require different capacity • Suppressing catenary voltage fluctuation, preventing the regeneration failure etc. • Especially, capacity setting on board needs to be carefully considered for the restriction of space and weight

  23. Applied Issues (3)Capacity setting and control strategy • Effect factors of capacity setting • Line profile • Performance of vehicle • Substation • Time table • EDLC characteristics • Control strategy of EDLC

  24. Applied Issues (3)Capacity setting and control strategy • Capacity configuration and charge/discharge control • considering the charge /discharge control strategy is based on the given capacity • To set capacity with consideration of the charge /discharge control strategy • Varying the allowable value of SOC as line profile • Optimal charge/discharge control is being studied • For the practical application, it is important to establish rational ‘ suboptimal ’ control strategy 24 24

  25. Applied Issues (3)Capacity setting and control strategy The block diagram of capacity configuration

  26. The example of capacity setting Simulation Parameters:

  27. Applied Issues (3)Capacity setting and control strategy • Case study : Traction and regenerative brake curves

  28. Applied Issues (3)Capacity setting and control strategy • Case study : The block diagram of simulation

  29. Applied Issues (3)Capacity setting and control strategy • Case study : DC-RLS（DC Railway Loadflow Simulator) Topology will bechanged with time

  30. Applied Issues (3)Capacity setting and control strategy • Case study : DC-RLS（DC Railway Loadflow Simulator) Substation B Substation A

  31. Applied Issues (3)Capacity setting and control strategy • Case study: DC-RLS（DC Railwway Loadflow Simulator) Train B 31 Train C

  32. Applied Issues (3)Capacity setting and control strategy • Case study : Simulation result when headway 360s (Step 1)

  33. downline downline Applied Issues (3)Capacity setting and control strategy upline upline • Case study : The analysis of surplus regenerative power/energy （Step 2) Surplus regenerative energy Surplus regenerative power

  34. Applied Issues (3)Capacity setting and control strategy • Case study : Initial capacitysetting（Step 3)

  35. Applied Issues (3)Capacity setting and control strategy • Case study : Initial capacitysetting （Step3) Regenerated energy from Vmax to stop 270s 360s 450s

  36. Applied Issues (3)Capacity setting and control strategy • Case study : the basic control principle（Step 4) • SOC value：0.25~0.9 • (2)Current limiter：0.7Imax

  37. Applied Issues (3)Capacity setting and control strategy • Case study : analysis of control effect (the current limiter-70%) (Step 5)

  38. Applied Issues (3)Capacity setting and control strategy • Case study : analysis of control effect (the current limiter-70%) (Step 5)

  39. Applied Issues (3)Capacity setting and control strategy • Case study :The result of capacity setting Final capacity setting Initial capacity setting

  40. Verification of control strategy in Laboratory • Experiments with car • Experiments with the Mini model Source: D. Iannuzzi,and P. Tricoli‘ Metro Trains Equipped Onboard with Supercapacitors : a Control Technique for Energy Saving’ SPEEDAM 2010

  41. Verification of control strategy in Laboratory Mini model of experimental platform in Beijing Jiaotong University 41

  42. Verification of control strategy in Laboratory Experimental platform The Platform of EDLC The Platform of train simulator 42

  43. Verification of control strategy in Laboratory An example of experimental results 275V 300V 310V Catenary voltage 5A Traincurrent 2.1A EDLC current 2A 1.1A Line current Powering: voltage action value is 275V. Braking: voltage action value is is 310V.

  44. Summary • Railway electrical energy storage technology will be further applied and researched • The energy density of EDLCs is necessary to be more improved for expanding its application • It is important to set control strategy and capacity of EDLCs • Evaluation of life-cycle cost is strongly required by users

  45. Thank you！ Late time question welcome to: zhpyang@bjtu.edu.cn or yshouzhuo@yahoo.co.jp 45

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