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Chapter 35

Chapter 35. The End of Empire and the Emergence of a World without Borders. India. The Jewel of the Crown Legacy of British colonialism Deep division between Hindus, Muslims Role of Mohandas Gandhi. Decolonization in Asia. “Vivisection” of India (Ghandi).

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Chapter 35

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  1. Chapter 35 The End of Empire and the Emergence of a World without Borders

  2. India • The Jewel of the Crown • Legacy of British colonialism • Deep division between Hindus, Muslims • Role of Mohandas Gandhi

  3. Decolonization in Asia

  4. “Vivisection” of India (Ghandi) • Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Muslim League • Jawaharlal Nehru, Congress Party • 1947 partition • 500,000 killed • 10 million refugees • India moves toward nonalignment position • The “third path”

  5. Muslims leave India, 1947

  6. Nationalist Struggles in Vietnam • French reassert control after WW II • Ho Chi Minh (1890-1969), Communist leader mounts guerilla war, defeats France in 1954 • Vietnam divided at 17th parallel • Civil war between north (Communist) and south • President Lyndon Johnson (1908-1973) begins increasing US involvement

  7. Vietnamese Protest French Occupation

  8. The Issue of Palestine • After World War II, Arab states increasingly gain independence • Palestine ruled by Great Britain between the wars • Proclaims support for Jewish “homeland” in Palestine (Balfour Declaration, 1917) • Growing Jewish immigration from Europe from 1880s • Arab protests in 1920s and 1930s

  9. Demonstration against the Balfour Declaration

  10. Creation of the State of Israel • Jewish, Arab pressure drives British to hand Palestine over to United Nations for a resolution • Partition Plan of 1947 divides Palestine into seven regions: 3 Jewish, 3 Arab, Jerusalem internationalized • May 1948 Jews declare independence of State of Israel • Arab states invade, Israel successfully defends itself

  11. The Six-Day War (June 1967) • Gamal Abdel Nasser (Egypt, 1918-1970) takes leadership position in Arab world • Attempts to block Suez traffic, conflict with Israel • Threatens invasion of Israel in 1967, Israel launches hugely successful pre-emptive strike • Conquers and annexes East Jerusalem, Golan Heights • Conquers Sinai Desert, returned to Egypt after peace treaty signed • Conquers Gaza Strip and West Bank, status unresolved

  12. The Arab-Israeli conflict, 1949-1982

  13. Decolonization in Africa • 19th century “scramble for Africa” • Legacy of colonial competition • Internal divisions • Tribal • Ethnic • Linguistic • religious

  14. Decolonization in Africa (date is year of independence)

  15. France and North Africa • Abandonment of most territories • 1956 Morocco and Tunisia gain independence, 13 other colonies in 1960 • But determination to retain Algeria • Longer period of French colonization • 2 million French citizens born or settled in Algeria by WW II

  16. Algerian War of Liberation • 1954 Front de Libération Nationale (FLN) begins guerilla warfare against France • Simmering conflict since French massacre in Sétif, 1945 • 500,000 French soldiers in war by 1958 • War ends with Algerian independence in 1962 • Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth (1961), manifesto against colonial rule

  17. Négritude: “Blackness” • Influence of “black is beautiful” from USA • Revolt against white colonial values, reaffirmation of African civilization • Connection with socialism, Communism • Geopolitical implications

  18. Afrocentrism • Kwame Nkrumah, leader of Ghana • Celebrated visit of Queen Elizabeth II in 1961, affirmation of Ghanese independence and equality

  19. Kwame Nkrumah leading Independence Celebrations

  20. Kenya • Kikuyu ethnic group begins attacks on British and “collaborationist” Africans, 1947 • 1952 state of emergency declared • Overwhelming British military response, 12,000 Africans killed vs. 100 Europeans • Bloody, but negotiated withdrawal, independence 1962

  21. Tarnishing of Independence • Decline of democratic regimes, rise of dictatorships • Partial reflection of artificial European boundaries • Political immaturity of colonies

  22. Communism and Democracy in China • Massive, pervasive policies of economic and cultural engineering • Great Leap Forward (1958-1961) • Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) • Both huge failures • Deng Xiaopeng (1904-1997) comes to power in 1981, moderates Maoism • Tiananmen Square pro-democracy rallies nevertheless subdued, 1989

  23. Muslim Revival and Arab Disunity • Cold war splits Arab-Muslim world • Israel defeats Egypt and Syria in 1973 Yom Kippur war • Attacked on Jewish holy day • Anwar Sadat (Egypt, 1918-1981) negotiates peace treaty with Israel • Assassinated 1981 by Muslim extremists

  24. Movements toward Peace in the Middle East • Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin (1922-1995) signs peace accord with Palestinian Liberation Organization chairman Yasser Arafat (1929-2004) • Yitzhak Rabin assassinated by Jewish extremist • Creation of Palestine Authority in West Bank and Gaza

  25. Islamism • Muslims increasingly regard America in negative terms, move towards radicalism • Jihad: holy war • CIA support of Iranian Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi (1919-1980), overthrown in Iranian Revolution of 1979 • Led by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini • Held U.S. diplomats hostage for two years • Shut down US facilities, confiscated economic ventures

  26. Blindfolded U.S. Diplomats

  27. The Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) • Saddam Hussein (Iraq, 1937- ) uses oil, US support to build huge military machine • Attacks Iran, 1980 • Massive destruction, ends in stalemate • Hussein attacks Kuwait, provokes Gulf War (1991) • US-led coalition drives him out, imposes sanctions • President George W. Bush (1946- ) attacks in search of Weapons of Mass Destruction, 2003, occupies Iraq

  28. South Africa • Apartheid (1948) • 87% of territory for whites • Division of Africans into tribes, settlement in “homelands” • African National Congress publishes Freedom Charter (1955) • Repression of ANC causes worldwide ostracism of SA

  29. Nelson Mandela

  30. Dismantling of Apartheid • Release of Nelson Mandela, 1990 • Negotiation of end of white minority rule • 1994 elections bring ANC to power • Relatively calm transition to democratic society • Strength of SA economy

  31. Rwanda: Perils of Ethnicity • Characteristic of ethnic divisions in African societies • Civil war in 1994 after moderate President killed • Hutu extremists vs. Tutsis, Hutu moderates • Nearly 1m killed

  32. Economic Globalization • International Monetary Fund (IMF, founded 1944) • Expansion of free trade • General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT, 1947) • 123 member nations • World Trade Organization (WTO), takes over from GATT in 1995) • Global corporations expand, treat globe as single market • Decentralize as necessary to take maximum advantage of regional markets, labor pools, taxation policies • Implications for exploitation of human and natural resources

  33. Economic Growth in Asia • Japan benefits from Marshall Plan, treaty limitations on defense spending • Massive postwar economic expansion, slowed in 1990s • China integrates elements of market economy, benefits from huge cheap labor pool • But interrelated economies fragile, financial crisis in 1997

  34. Trading Blocs • European Union • Six nations when formed in 1957 • Maestricht Treaty of 1993: moving toward political integration • Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) • Established 1960, dominated by Arab and Muslim countries • Used economic might to place embargo on US oil, 1973-1975 • Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) • North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

  35. Consumption and Cultural Interaction • “Americanization” or “McDonaldization” • American culture exported • Yet cultural borrowings from non-American societies • Internal transformations: Latino culture in America • English language becomes predominant • Influence of British colonialism, America, the Internet

  36. World Population by Region, 1900-2050 (Projected)

  37. World Population, 1900-2050 (Projected)

  38. Environmental Impact • Biodiversity under threat: 4500 animal species threatened • Global warming • Greenhouse gases • Kyoto accords, 1997 • Human mortality rate declines steadily, several regions work on birth control measures

  39. Economic Inequities • Regional poverty a persistent problem • Unequal distribution of resources • Impact of colonialism • Slavery abolished in Saudi Arabia, Angola in 1960s, forced indenture remains in place in developing world • International Labor Organization of the UN: 250 million children, ages 5-14, work, esp. southeast Asia • Global trafficking of human slaves

  40. Global Terrorism • Terrorism: deliberate, systematic use of violence against civilians • Cheaper, more effective than conventional war, thus accessible to smaller groups • September 11, 2001: four planes hijacked by terrorists • Crash into World Trade Center buildings (NYC), Pentagon, field in Pennsylvania (passengers thwarted intended target) • Masterminded by Islamic extremist Osama bin Laden (1957- ), leader of al-Qaeda (“the Base”)

  41. War in Afghanistan and Iraq • US President George W. Bush (1946- ) invades Afghanistan to destroy al-Qaeda training bases • Overthrows Taliban government • Invasion of Iraq to overthrow Saddam Hussein, perceived as ally of bin Laden

  42. The United Nations • Superseded the League of Nations (1920-1946) • Charter: to maintain international peace and security • Weak body in military areas, influential in larger public health projects • Eradication of smallpox • Supporters of universal human rights

  43. The United Nations

  44. Global Feminism • Displaced from jobs by returning soldiers after World War II, women in industrialized nations agitate for equal opportunities • Demand control over bodies: access to birth control and abortion, achieved in 1960s and 1970s • Arab and Muslim lands: continued gaps in literacy • Increasing number of women national leaders • Indira Gandhi (India), Golda Meir (Israel), Margaret Thatcher (UK)

  45. Migration Patterns • Rural areas depopulating to urban regions • Creation of slums • Immigration for economic reasons • Refugees fleeing war, poverty • Tourism increasingly common in 21st century

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