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Chapter 30

Chapter 30. Examinations and Procedures of Body Systems. Urinary System. Organs Kidneys, ureters, and bladder Functions of the kidneys Form and excrete urine Regulate water balance in the body Maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids. Diseases and Disorders.

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Chapter 30

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  1. Chapter 30 Examinations and Proceduresof Body Systems

  2. Urinary System • Organs • Kidneys, ureters, and bladder • Functions of the kidneys • Form and excrete urine • Regulate water balance in the body • Maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids

  3. Diseases and Disorders • Signs and symptoms of disorders • Dysuria, proteinuria, hematuria, pyuria, frequency, urgency, oliguria, nocturia • Other signs and symptoms • UTI is the most common disorder of the urinary system • See Table 30-2 for other disorders

  4. Diagnostic Testing • Urinalysis • Culture and sensitivity • Blood tests: BUN • Radiological exams • IVP • KUB radiograph • Cystogram

  5. Diagnostic Testing • Intravenous pyelogram (IVP) • Diagnostic x-ray • Cystoscopy >> • Views the urethra and bladder through a lighted scope • Biopsy of the kidney

  6. Urinary Catheterization • Reasons to catheterize patients • Obtain a sterile specimen for analysis • Relieve urinary retention • Instill medication into the bladder • Measure the amount of post-void residual urine • In some states, MAs may perform or assist with catheterization

  7. Urinary Catheterization • Equipment for catheterization >> • Types of catheterizations

  8. Digestive System • Functions of the digestive system • Ingestion of food and breaking into particles • Passage of food through digestive system • Digestion through secretion of digestive enzymes • Absorption of nutrients into the blood stream • Defecation of solid waste products • See the digestion system in action!

  9. Diseases and Disorders • Signs and symptoms of disorders • Include nausea, stomach cramps, vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, indigestion • Other signs and symptoms • Diseases and disorders • Include gastritis, gastroenteritis, diverticulosis (>>), ulcers, hernias • See Table 30-5

  10. Diagnostic Testing • Upper GI series Lower GI series

  11. Diagnostic Testing • Sigmoidoscopy • Diagnostic examination of interior of sigmoid colon • Preparing patients for sigmoidoscopy • May need to administer an enema • Proctosigmoidoscopy and equipment >>

  12. Diagnostic Testing • Colonoscopy • Fecal occult blood test >> • Radiological studies of the digestive tract

  13. Bariatrics • Field of medicine that treats obesity and conditions associated with obesity • Bariatric surgery • Performed to help treat obesity and help patients lose weight • “Banding” or “stapling” and gastric bypass surgery

  14. Sensory System • The eye: organ of sight • Common diseases and disorders • See Tables 30-7 and 30-8

  15. Measuring Visual Acuity • Distance visual acuity • Snellen chart • Near visual acuity • Jaeger test • Color vision • Ishihara test

  16. Measuring Visual Acuity Click Here to play the video

  17. Measuring Visual Acuity • Recording visual acuity testing • Numerator indicates 20-foot distance between patient and chart • Denominator indicates visual acuity of patient in relationship to normal seeing eye • Recorded as right eye, left eye, and both eyes

  18. Diagnostic Testing • Procedures relating to the eye • Eye instillation • Eye patch dressing application • Eye irrigation

  19. Sensory System • The ear: organ of hearing and equilibrium • Common diseases and disorders • See Table 30-9

  20. Measuring Auditory Ability • Tests performed by the provider • Gross hearing tests • Audiometry • Tests performed by the medical assistant • Audiometry • Ear irrigation • Ear instillation

  21. Sensory System • The nose • Assisting with nasal exams • Cautery treatment of epistaxis • Performing nasal installations

  22. Respiratory System • Respiratory process • External respiration and internal respiration • Gas exchange in the lungs

  23. Diseases and Disorders • Signs and symptoms • Include dyspnea, fatigue, chest pain, chills, fever, wheezing, hoarseness, cough • Common disorders • See Tables 30-10 and 30-11

  24. Diagnostic Tests • Common tests • Auscultation of the chest • Sputum culture collection • Bronchoscopy • Spiral CT scan

  25. Pulmonary Function Testing • Spirometry >> • Measures lung capacity • Peak Expiratory Flow Rates • Pulse Oximetry >>

  26. Inhalers • Devices that deliver medication into the lungs • Types of inhalers • Metered dose inhalers • Metered dose inhalers with spacers • Dry powder inhaler • Nebulizer

  27. Musculoskeletal System • Coordinates the framework and movements of the body • Includes bones (206), joints, muscles (over 600) and surrounding tissues • Common diseases and disorders • See Tables 30-12, 30-13, and 30-14

  28. Tests and Treatments • Skeletal system tests • Radiographs and visual exam techniques • Bone biopsy • Muscular system treatments • Electromyostimulation • Cold and hot therapy • Physical therapy

  29. Fractures, Casts, and Cast Removal • Closed fractures are often treated in the ambulatory care setting • Casting • Short arm and long arm casts • Long and short leg casts • Patient education for cast care

  30. Nervous System • Functions • Coordinates activity of body systems • Allows for the body to adapt to its internal and external environment • Common diseases, disorders and treatments • See Tables 30-16 and 30-17

  31. Neurologic Examinations • MA role in neurologic exams • Observe patient’s mental state • Assist the provider • Equipment and supplies >>

  32. Neurological Screening • Components of a screening exam • Mental status • Cranial nerve function • Cerebral function • Motor function • Sensory function • Deep tendon reflexes • Additional tests

  33. Circulatory System • Functions • Pump and transport blood to all body parts • Supply oxygen to all body parts • Remove waste products from body tissues • Common disorders • See Tables 30-18 and 30-19

  34. Blood and Lymph System • Blood and lymph are excellent indicators of disease • Helps immune system function • Common diseases and disorders • See Tables 30-20 and 30-21

  35. Blood and Lymph System • Common diagnostic tests • Complete blood count • Differential • Erythrocyte sedimentation rate • Platelet count • Liver function studies • Shilling test

  36. Integumentary System • Functions • Provides protection against invasion of microorganisms and trauma • Regulates body temperature • Senses pressure, touch, and pain Layers of the skin >>

  37. Integumentary System • Common diseases and disorders • See Tables 30-22 and 30-23 • Diagnostic testing • Biopsy of skin lesions and affected tissues • Wound cultures

  38. Allergy Skin Testing • Be prepared to treat emergencies • Notify provider immediately • Have patient lie down • Have epinephrine, benadryl, corticosteroid injections ready to be administered • Check patient’s vital signs

  39. Allergy Skin Testing • Types of tests • Scratch test • Patch test • Intradermal test • Radioallergosorbent test (RAST)

  40. Endoscopic Procedures • Endoscope: a device used to view hollow cavities or organs • Enables procedures to be done on internal organs without surgical intervention • See Table 30-24

  41. Endoscopic Procedures • New technology in endoscopy • Capsule video endoscopy • Wireless capsule endoscopy • PillCam

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