History of Marine Science Part IV The Birth of Marine Science

1. History of Marine SciencePart IVThe Birth of Marine Science

2. The _______ Expedition • The United States Exploring Expedition was an exploring and surveying expedition of the Pacific Ocean ("the Southern Seas") conducted by the United States Navy from 1838–1842

3. Wilkes results • The Wilkes Expedition played a major role in development of 19th-century science, particularly in the growth of the U.S. scientific establishment • 280 islands (mostly in the Pacific Ocean) were explored, and over 800 miles of Oregon were mapped • over 60,000 plant and bird specimens were collected • Many of the species and other items found by the expedition helped form the basis of collections at the Smithsonian Institution

4. Science for Science’s sake • Now more scientific related sea voyages were occurring • Wilkes Expedition was a great achievement but as you can see it was more land based • The REAL Expedition for Sea Exploration was NEXT!

5. HMS___________ – Where it all began!!!!

6. Challenger’s Big Breakthroughs • Found that Life is at the bottom of the sea • Studied seawater chemistry • Charted depths over much of the Atlantic ocean • > 4,000 new species found • Measured temperatures at all depths • Studied deep ocean currents • Took 19 years to publish all of their findings • Led by Scientist __________ __________

7. First great oceanographic expedition, 1872-1875 Japan Hawaii Bermuda Tristan da Cunha NZ

8. Ship’s Officers: Scientific leader = Wyville Thomson

9. Ship’s Crew – A Rough and Ready Group

10. A meticulous log with color paintings...

11. Detailed descriptions of events throughout the voyage...

12. Accurate drawings of marine organisms..

13. of all sizes….

14. Including microscopic marine plankton drawn while looking through a microscope..

15. And photographs! As well as Cannibals !!!!!

16. Follow the Leader Catalyst for other nations: Now everyone wanted to study the ocean Norway, Germany, France, Austria, USA, Italy and Monaco all followed with expeditions of their own Here are some of the others ………

17. USA: Albert Agassiz aboard the vessel Blake - Gulf Stream work USA

18. Prince Edward of Monaco aboard the Hirondelle II explored European waters Until 1915 Monaco His Father Prince Albert established the first ______________School in 1900

19. The Lab on the Ship.

20. Nansen Norwegian explorer, ocean scientist, and Humanitarian Ocean currents around polar seas Tricked his crew by Letting his boat get Stuck in the ice on Purpose!

21. The _________ Frozen in ice – 1893 –1896 for North Pole trek, deep ocean survey of the area

22. Fram frozen in the Arctic ice pack

23. Picture of Nansen during his time on Spitzbergen Left the Fram And trekked on foot trying To reach the North Pole A very dangerous expedition

24. Nasen’s Voyage Nasen leaves Fram for the north pole March 1895 Winters on island in a hut made of moss and ice living on polar bear meat and Walrus Blubber Arrive home on Aug 1896

25. But let’s not forget The Fram OK – so Nansen was good, but the Fram – 1st ship through NW Passage in______, AND with Amundsen to Antarctica – 1911- was GREAT!

26. Fram in Ice Fram Museum The Crew

27. One significant German survey ship The Meteor crossed the Atlantic 14 times 67,000 echo soundings The Meteor 1925-1927: The Meteor provided the first reliable measurement of ocean depths, continuous echo sounding and discovery of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge – something that we will revisit later

28. Because of World War I and the extensive use of ___________ in this war there were many “firsts” in this time period in the area of Oceanography

29. World War 2 saw another leap forward – as detailed coastal charts, submarine conditions, sea conditions, etc…. needed to be known Again – either commerce or war proved invaluable to oceanography

30. The Challenger was a(n) ________ Ship • American • British • German • Spanish

31. The Challenger was led by • Prince Albert • Wyville Thomson • Matthew Maury • Albert Agassiz

32. Prince Albert Opened the first school of Oceanography in • 1416 • 1875 • 1901 • 1900

33. Nasen went to the north pole to study • Wind Patterns • Ocean currents • Eskimos • Ice Movement

34. Nasen’s boat was named the • Fram • Freud • Fraud • Flim

35. The Fram was an excellent boat because it was able to • Withstand wind. • Withstand cold. • Withstand being frozen in ice. • Withstand extreme heat.

36. The German ship the Meteor discovered the • Titanic • The Ocean Floor • The Mid Atlantic Ridge • Global Warming

37. The two driving forces behind advancement in Marine Science have been • Peace and Diplomacy • Warfare and Curiosity • Warfare and Trade • Curiosity and Trade

38. Fastest Responders (in seconds)

39. Modern Advances

40. Glomar Challenger

41. Glomar Highlights ‘68-’83 • Took core samples of the Atlantic Ocean Sea Floor. • The floor samples offered evidence for the plate tectonic theory • Total distance penetrated below sea floor 325,548 m • Retired in 1983

42. Scripps FLIP Vessel FLIP is a 335 ft. vessel, whose stern ballast tanks can be flooded to convert it into a 55 ft. stable platform for research. The way water circulates, how storm waves are formed, how seismic waves move, how heat is exchanged between the ocean and the atmosphere, and the sound made underwater by marine animals are just a few of the subjects studied using the amazing FLIP.

43. FLIP: The World's Strangest Research Lab http://sio.ucsd.edu/voyager/flip/flip3.html FLIP stands for Floating Instrument Platform: it is actually a huge specialized buoy. One of its creators described it as looking like a 355-foot long ( 108 m) baseball bat. If that isn't unusual enough, it really flips!

44. 1987 - Joint Oceanographic Institutions Deep Earth Sampling (JOIDES) drilled on the ocean floor at a depth of 27,000 ft. and went 1000 ft. into ocean floor sediments.

45. Satellites 1978 SEASAT satellite launched for measuring global surface temperature, bio-productivity, and wave heights. 1990’s - Global Positioning Satellites were opened for public access. 2000’s – a 10-year project, Census of Marine Life, will seek to identify marine life and preserve species.

46. University National Oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS) has a fleet of academic research vessels, deep submersible and remote robotic vehicles. R.O.V’s are becoming the tool of choice

47. NOAA NOAA Oceanographic Equipment NOAA Marine Science is only lacking American science students. The U.S. is only 17th in the world in scientific literacy.

48. Main Points • Middens are refuse dumps found near beaches left by prehistoric man and give clues to man’s first interactions with the sea. • The first Navigational tool was the Stick Chart used by the polynesians. • The first School of Navigation was opened by “Prince Henry the Navigator” in 1416. • Magellan first circumnavigated the globe in 1522

49. Capitan James Cook’s many advances in Maritime travel include successful testing of the chronometer and a solution to problem of scurvy. • Ben Franklin studied using the gulf stream to shorten travel time between US and Europe. • Matthew Maury The Father of Marine Science publishes the first textbook on Oceanography • The HMS Challenger Expedition. Led by Wyville Thomson. The first scientific venture to study the Ocean and Marine Life Exclusively.

50. Prince Albert of Monaco set up the first school of Oceanography in 1900. • The Meteor a German ship uses Sonar to map out the Atlantic Ocean Floor and discovers the mid Atlantic Ridge • The Fram …Design to survive being frozen in ice….The first ship to cross the Northwest passage in 1903. Used to study polar ocean currents and brought the first explorers to the North Pole • The Meteor discovered the Mid Atlantic Ridge • Commerce (Trade) and War have been the driving force behind most Marine Science advancements.