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Public Policy

Public Policy. Public Policy. Domestic Programs seek to improve the economy, social, and political conditions within a country Foreign Policies concern other nations, treaties, diplomacy, wars, defense, national security … Policy label depends on its target, not its causes.

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Public Policy

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  1. Public Policy

  2. Public Policy • Domestic • Programs seek to improve the economy, social, and political conditions within a country • Foreign • Policies concern other nations, treaties, diplomacy, wars, defense, national security … • Policy label depends on its target, not its causes

  3. I. Economic Policy • Revenue • taxes • Expenditures • Money spent

  4. Monetary vs. Fiscal Policy • Fiscal Policy • Taxing and spending • Budget deficit or surplus, money spent on retirement, health care, education, military • Taxes come from tariffs, income taxes, sales taxes, excise taxes • Monetary Policy • Money supply issues • Interest rates, central banks, reserve rates, paper versus specie, bonds, currency issues, inflation or deflation, National debt • http://www.usdebtclock.org/

  5. Nationalization vs. Privatization • Shock Therapy, Russia Development Policy • Infrastructure • Roads, bridges, RR, electricity, energy, and communications • Private Sector incentives • Subsidies, tax breaks, deregulation

  6. Regulatory Policy • Rules and limits placed on business or individuals • Set standards for products • Require disclosures • Anti-monopoly laws • Environmental laws • Energy laws • Iran’s nuclear energy program • Civil Rights laws • Women in Iran • Regulatory Capture

  7. Trade Policy • Tariffs • Tax on imports • Quotas on imports • Sets limits on foreign products can buy • Free Trade Agreements • NAFTA

  8. II. Social Welfare Policies • Programs that affect standard of living, not just for the poor • Includes education, healthcare, antipoverty, pensions

  9. Old Age- Retirement • Many countries implemented around the Great Depression, WWII • Most give a state pension, a monthly payment • US called social security • Harder for MDCs with declining birthrates and longer life spans • One Child Rule in China is putting pressure on this system

  10. Health Care Policy • Costs are going up, especially with aging populations • Often little access in rural areas • UK- Beveridge report after WWII, government health care created • National Health Service (NHS) • Free, universal health care

  11. US Ranks Behind 25 Other Countries in Infant Mortality • U.S. infant mortality rate is more than double that of some other developed countries • Florida: 6.1, Volusia 4.25, Holmes County 16

  12. Antipoverty Policies • Programs to help the poor • Redistributive of wealth in a society • Often comes from progressive taxation • PROGRESA in Mexico

  13. Education Policy • Issues • Degree of centralization • Level of opportunities made available to the general population • Higher Education’s admittance policies and access issues • Does the system indoctrinate its citizens in political ideas, like Communist doctrine in the former Soviet Union

  14. Identity-Related Policies • Citizenship • Naturalization • Dual citizenship • Immigration • Who is allowed to visit and for how long? • Integration • Affirmative Action

  15. Policy Making • Bureaucracies implement • Mix of legislatures and executives create policy • Elections alert politicians that policies are not working • Referendums can be a public input on an issue • In some nations, parties disagree with the nature of the level of government involvement in the economy and societal issues

  16. “Justice is itself the great standing policy of civil society; and any eminent departure from it, under any circumstances, lies under the suspicion of being no policy at all.” – Edmund Burke (Irish statesman) Part Six: Public Policy

  17. Public Policy Inputs: Interest ArticulationInterest Aggregation Machines are the political institutions: Legislature, Executive, Bureaucracy Outputs/ Outcomes: Policy Implementation Gears=Policy Making Decisions the govt makes to address issues and solve problems

  18. Public Policy Common issues: Economic Performance Social Welfare Civil Liberties Environment

  19. Public Policy – Economic Performance • Common Measures of Economic Performance • Gross Domestic Product (GDP) • All the goods and services produced by a country’s economy in a given year, excluding income earned outside country • GDP per Capita: GDP divided by population of country • Gross National Product (GNP) • GDP + income citizens earned outside the country • GNP per Capita: GNP divided by population of country • Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) • Like GNP, except it takes into account what people can buy using their income in local economy • PPP per Capita: PPP divided by population of country

  20. Example of PPP: the Big Mac Index http://www.economist.com/content/big-mac-index

  21. Purchasing Power Parity

  22. Public Policy – Social Welfare • Social Welfare • Health • Employment • Family assistance • Education • Measures of Social Welfare • Literacy rates • Distribution of income • Life expectancy • Education levels

  23. Public Policy – Social Welfare Gini Index • A mathematical formula that measures the amount of economic inequality in a society • 0 = perfect equality, 1= complete inequality

  24. Public Policy – Social Welfare Human Development Index (HDI) • Measures the well-being of a country’s people by factoring in life expectancy (health), mean & expected years of school (education) and GNP per capita (living standards) • Health + Education + Living Standards = HDI Index Scale • Index scale is 0 – 1 (decimal score) • Scores over .80 = high levels of HD • Scores under .50 = low levels of HD

  25. Public Policy – Social Welfare

  26. Human Development IndexDarker colors indicate more developed

  27. Public Policy • Civil Liberties: Political Rights and Freedoms • Political rights – promotion of equality • Political freedoms – promotion of freedom • Freedom House Rankings • Ranks countries on 1 to 7 scale • 1 = most free, 7 = least free

  28. Public Policy - Other • Environment • European countries – formation of “green” parities • International conferences • Population • Immigration + migration • Other • Terrorism • Corruption

  29. Gap Minder Activity

  30. Answers- Public Policy Drive for 5 • D • A • A

  31. Answers- Public Policy Drive for 5 • D • A • A • B • A • D • A

  32. Answers- Public Policy Drive for 5 • D • A • A • B • A • D • A • C • E • B • D • B

  33. Answers- Public Policy Drive for 5 • D • A • A • B • A • D • A • C • E • B • D • B • A • B • C

  34. Answers- Introduction • B • A • E • C

  35. Answers- Introduction • B • A • E • C • D • C

  36. Answers- Introduction • B • A • E • C • D • C • A, poor Question • D • B • E

  37. Answers- Introduction • B • A • E • C • D • C • A • D • B • E • E • C • A • D • C

  38. Centrifugal (flee the center)-fragment • Centripetal (To seek the center)-unify • Gini Coeffecient- measures the amount of economic inequality in a nation, the lower the number the more equality, Sweden .26, Mexico .48

  39. Answers- Introduction • B • A • E • C • D • C • A • D • B • E • E • C • A • D • C • A • C • E • D • B

  40. Answers- Introduction • B • A • E • C • D • C • A • D • B • E • E • C • A • D • C • A • C • E • D • B

  41. Answers- Introduction • C • A • B • D • E • B • A • E • C • D • C • A • D • B • E • E • C • A • D • C • A • C • E • D • B

  42. Answers- Introduction • C • A • B • D • E • D • B • A • C • E • B • A • E • C • D • C • A • D • B • E • E • C • A • D • C • A • C • E • D • B

  43. Secretary Kristi or Claire

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