محمود غزنوی November 2,971-April 30,1030

1. محمود غزنویNovember 2,971-April 30,1030

2. Place Of Birth (Ghazni) غزنى

3. Ghazni Wall

4. Ghazni River

5. Ghazni City

6. ابو منصور سبکتگینFather Of MahmoodGhaznvi942 – August 997 ًمحمود غزنوی سلطان بنتے ہیں والد کی وفات کے بعد میں 997

7. Consolidation of rule • Sultan Mahmud's first campaign was against the Qarakhanid Empire, which controlled the northern portion of his Empire. After his defeat, he enlisted the alliance of the Seljuk Turks in southern Soghdia and Khwarazm who aided him in securing the north by diplomacy (998). In 999 'Abd al-Malik II of the Samanids engaged in hostilities with Mahmud over Khorasan after political alliances shifted under a new Samanid Emir. These forces were defeated when the Qarakhanids under Nasr Khan[citation needed] invaded them from the north. He then solicited an alliance which was cemented by his marriage to Nasr Khan's daughter.

8. The Multan and Hindu Shahi struggles • Mahmud's first campaign to the south was against the IsmailiFatimid Kingdom at Multan in a bid to curry political favor and recognition with the AbbassidCaliphate, he engaged with the Fatimids elsewhere. At this point, RajaJayapala of the Hindu Shahi Dynasty in Kabul attempted to gain revenge for an earlier military defeat at the hands of Mahmud's father, who had controlled Ghazni in the late 980s and had cost Jayapala extensive territory. His son Anandapala succeeded him and continued the struggle to avenge his father's suicide. He assembled a powerful confederacy which faced defeat as his elephant turned back from the battle in a crucial moment, turning the tide into Mahmud's favor once more at Lahore in 1008 bringing Mahmud into control of the Hindu Shahi dominions of Updhanpura.[

9. Ghaznavi campaigns in the South Asia • Following the defeat of the Rajput Confederacy, after deciding to retaliate for their combined resistance, Mahmud then set out on regular expeditions against them, leaving the conquered kingdoms in the hands of Hindu vassalsannexing only the Punjab region.[3] He also vowed to raid India every year. • Mahmud had already had relationships with the leadership in Balkh through marriage. Its local Emir Abu Nasr Mohammad, offered his services to the Sultan and his daughter to Mahmud's son, Muhammad. After Nasr's death Mahmud brought Balkh under his leadership. This alliance greatly helped him during his expeditions into Northern India.

10. The Indian kingdoms of Nagarkot, Thanesar, Kannauj, Gwalior, and Ujjain were all conquered and left in the hands of Hindu, Jain and Buddhist Kings as vassal states and he was pragmatic enough not to shirk making alliances and enlisting local peoples into his armies at all ranks. The later invasions of Mahmud were specifically directed to temple towns as Indian temples were depositories of great wealth and the economic and ideological centers of gravity for the Hindus. Destroying them would destroy the will power of the Hindus attacking the Empire since Mahmud never kept a permanent presence in the Subcontinent; Nagarkot, Thanesar, Mathura, Kanauj, Kalinjar and Somnath were all thus raided. Mahmud's armies stripped the temples of their wealth and then destroyed them at, Maheshwar, Jwalamukhi, Narunkot and Dwarka. During the period of Mahmud invasion, the Sindhi Swarankar Community and other Hindus who escaped conversion fled from Sindh to escape sectarian violence.

11. As a ruler • 997: Qarakhanid Empire • 999: Khorasan, Balkh, Herat, Merv from the Samanids. A concurrent invasion from the North by the Qarakhanids under Elik Khan (Nasr Khan) ends Samanid rule. • 1000: Seistan • 1001: Gandhara: Sultan Mahmud defeats Jayapala at Peshawar and Jayapala abdicates and commits suicide. • 1002: Seistan: Imprisoned Khuluf • 1004: Bhatia (Bhera) annexed after it fails to pay its yearly tribute. • 1005: MultanFatehDaud the ShiaIsmaili ruler of Multan • 1005: Defends Balkh and Khorasan against Nasr I of the Qarakhanids and recaptures Nishapur from Isma'ilMuntasir of the Samanids.

12. As a ruler • 1005: Sewakpal rebels and is defeated. 1008: Mahmud defeats the Rajput Confederacy (Ujjain, Gwalior, Kalinjar, Kannauj, Delhi, and Ajmer) in battle between Und and Peshawar, and captures the Shahi treasury at Kangra in Himachal Pradesh • 1010: Ghur; against Mohammad ibn Sur • 1010: Multan revolts. Abul Fatah Dawood imprisoned for life at Ghazni. • 1011: Thanesar • 1012: Joor-jistan: Captures Sar(Czar??)-Abu-Nasr • 1012: Demands and receives remainder of the province of Khorasan from the AbassidCaliph. Then demands Samarkand as well but is rebuffed. • 1013: Bulnat: Defeats Trilochanpala. 1 • 014 :Kafirstan attacked[

13. As a ruler • 1015: Ghaznis expedition to Kashmir fails. Fails to take the Loharafort at Lokote in the hills leading up to the valley from the west. • 1015: Khwarezm: Marries his sister to AbulAbbasMamun of Khwarezm who dies in the same year in a rebellion. Moves to quell the rebellion and installs a new ruler and annexes a portion. • 1017: Kannauj, Meerut, and Muhavun on the Yamuna, Mathura and various other regions along the route. While moving through Kashmir he levies troops from vassal Prince for his onward march, Kannauj and Meerut submitted without battle. • 1021: Raises Ayaz to kingship, awarding him the throne of Lahore • 1021: Kalinjar attacks Kannauj: he marches to their aid and finds the last Shahi King Trilochanpaala encamped as well. No battle, the opponents leave their baggage trains and withdraw from the field. Also fails to take the fort of Lokote again. Takes Lahore on his return. Trilochanpala flees to Ajmer. First Muslim governors appointed east of the Indus River.

14. As a ruler • 1023: Lahore, Kalinjar, Gwalior: No battles, exacts tribute. Trilochanpala, the grandson of Jayapala is assassinated by his own troops. Official annexation of Punjab by Ghazni. Also fails to take the Lohara fort on the western border of Kashmir for the second time. • 1024: Ajmer, Nehrwala, Kathiawar: This raid was his last major campaign. The concentration of wealth at Somnath was renowned, and consequently it became an attractive target for Mahmud, as it had previously deterred most invaders. The temple and citadel were sacked, and most of its defenders massacred. • 1024: Somnath: Mahmud sacked the temple and is reported to have personally hammered the temple's gilded Lingam to pieces and the stone fragments were carted back to Ghazni, where they were incorporated into the steps of the city's new JamaMasjid (Friday Mosque) • 1025: Marched against the Jats of the Jood mountains who harried his army on its return from the sack ofSomnath. • in 1026. He placed a new king on the throne in Gujarat as a tributary and took the old one to Ghazni as a prisoner. His return detoured across the Thar Desert to avoid the armies of Ajmer and other allies on his return.

15. 1027: Rey, Isfahan, Hamadan from the Buyid (Daylami) Dynasty. 1028, 1029: Merv, Nishapur lost to Seljuk Turks

16. Destruction of Krishna Janmabhoomi Temple • Mahmud of Ghazni destroyed important Hindu shrine- Krishna Janmabhoomi Temple (known as KesavaDeo Temple) in 1017 AD along with several other Hindu and Buddhist temples in the holy city of Mathura.

17. Destruction of Somnath Temple

18. Destruction of Somnath Temple • Mahmud of Ghazni destroyed and looted one of the most sacred temple of Hindus- Somnath Temple in 1025 AD killing over 50,000 people who tried to defend it.The defenders included the 90-year-old clan leader GhoghaRana. Ghazni personally broke the gilded lingam to pieces. He took them back to his homeland and placed them in the steps leading to the newly built JamiahMasjid, so that they would be stepped upon by those going to the mosque to pray. • The following extract is from “Wonders of Things Created, and marvels of Things Existing” by Asaru-L- Bilad, a 13th century Arab geographer. It contains the description of Somnath temple and its destruction:

19. Coins of Mahmood Govt.

20. محمود غزنوی کا لاہور

21. محمود غزنوی آخری اآرام گاہ

22. نہ وہ حسن میں رہیں شوخیاں، نہ وہ عشق میں رہیں گرمیاںنہ وہ غزنوی میں تڑپ رہی نہ وہ خم ہے زلف ایاز میں میں جو سر بسجدہ ہوا کبھی تو زمیں سے آنے لگی صدا تیرا دل تو ہے صنم آشنا تجھے کیا ملے گا نماز میں

23. Dua • Aey Allah hameinMehmoodGhaznviBana • Aameen