Human Cognition Indicator Applications for International Safeguards

1. Human Cognition Indicator Applications for International Safeguards Logan Michael Scott Oak Ridge National Laboratory

2. Overview Statement • The use of social psychology in international safeguards could greatly improve the efficiency and effectiveness of IAEA inspections.

3. 2 Modes of Thinking1,2 • Fast Thinking: automatic, fast and often unconscious way of thinking. • It is autonomous and efficient, requiring little energy or attention, but is prone to biases and systematic errors. • Slow Thinking: effortful, slow and controlled way of thinking. • It requires energy and can’t work without attention but, once engaged, it has the ability to filter the instincts of System 1.

4. 2 Modes of Thinking • Examples of Fast Thinking: • Social context • Quick calculations • Perception and Response • Examples of Slow Thinking: • Algorithmic approaches • Complicated calculations • Novel tasks

5. Quick Exercise • You will see a four digit number • Add +1 to each of the digits and remember the new number. 2659 Given Digits ADD +1 3760 New Digits

6. Quick Exercise Alright! 3…2…1… Go! 3756 ADD +1

7. Quick Exercise Alright! 3…2…1… Go! 7430 ADD +1 Past Number: 3756

8. Quick Exercise Alright! 3…2…1… Go! 1873 ADD +1 Past Number: 7430

9. Quick Exercise Alright! 3…2…1… Go! 4285 ADD +1 Past Number: 1873

10. Quick Exercise Alright! 4…3…2… Go! 2943 ADD +1 Past Number: LOOK

11. Quick Exercise Alright! 4…3…2… Go! 8465 ADD +1 Past Number: 2943

12. Quick Exercise Alright! 4…3…2… Go! 6452 ADD +1 Past Number: 8465

13. Quick Exercise Alright! 4…3…2… Go! 3756 ADD +1 Past Number: 6452

14. Quick Exercise Alright! 4…3…2… Go! 9431 ADD +1 Past Number: 3756

15. Quick Exercise Alright! 4…3…2… Go! 6387 ADD +1 Past Number: 9431

16. Quick Exercise Alright! 4…3…2… Go! 8465 ADD +1 6th Number 9th Number 2nd Number 4th Number 5th Number Past Number: 2943 8th Number

17. What is Happening? • Inattentional Blindness: an event where the effected person doesn't see new and unexpected things that suddenly appear within their visual field.3 Image Credits: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/but-did-you-see-the-gorilla-the-problem-with-inattentional-blindness-17339778

18. What is Happening? Physiological Responses4,5,6,7 • Increased Heart Rate • Increased Respiration Rate • Muscle Tension • Pupil Dilation

19. What is Happening? Physiological Responses4,5,6,7 • Increased Heart Rate • Increased Respiration Rate • Muscle Tension • Pupil Dilation

20. Pupil Dilation • As cognitive stress increases, like moving from “fast thinking” to “slow thinking”, the pupil dilates. • This is because a release of dopamine in the brain that facilitates neural stimulation. • First observed in 1965 by Hess (Princeton, 1965) • Repeated in several studies • Smith, Michael E., Linda K. McEvoy, and Alan Gevins. “Neurophysiological Indices of Strategy Development and Skill Acquisition,” Cognitive Brain Research 7 (1999): 389–404. • Monsell, Stephen. “Task Switching,” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7 (2003): 134–40. • Kahneman, Daniel, Rachel Ben-Ishai, and Michael Lotan. “Relation of a Test of Attention to Road Accidents,” Journal of Applied Psychology 58 (1973): 113–15. • Gopher, Daniel. “A Selective Attention Test as a Predictor of Success in Flight Training,” Human Factors 24 (1982): 173–83.

21. Pupil Dilation • Pupil dilation observed in mouse in 2016 at Baylor Medical School. 12 • Red=dilation; Blue=contraction

22. Why is this important? • Multiple other industries and disciplines have employed studies to associated mental strain with task performance. • Marketing or business13 • Airline/Air traffic controllers14 • The International Safeguards community relies on highly trained inspectors that we assume are: • Following a set protocol; • Attentive to detail; AND • Always attentive.

23. How can we do this? • Augmented and Virtual Reality Methods • Track pupil dilation and retinal responses to visual stimuli in an immersive environment. Image Credits: https://www.roadtovr.com/watched-nba-game-next-vr-never-want-go-back/

24. How can we do this? • Augmented and Virtual Reality Methods • Tobii Pro VR integration with HTC Vive. Image Credits: https://www.tobiipro.com/product-listing/vr-integration/

25. Proposed Methodology • Develop a AR/VR mock inspection walkthrough video. • Track physiological responses of inspectors in training as they are subjected to stresses comparable to field inspections. • Correlate physiological responses to undesired cognitive functions • Inattention blindness • Mental fatigue • Develop training modules to mitigate these effects.

26. Conclusions • Monitoring cognitive functions to improve training methods has been repeatedly applied in other fields. • Using new technologies in AR and VR, we can gather data while minimizing awareness biases. • Analyzing the data can show points of inattention biases and mental fatigue during routine inspections, highlighting vulnerabilities.

27. Questions? Comments? Concerns?

28. References • Kahneman, Daniel. Thinking, Fast and Slow. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011. Print. • Kahneman, Daniel. Attention and Effort. 1973. • Just, Marcel A. and Patricia A. Carpenter. “A Capacity Theory of Comprehension: Individual Differences in Working Memory”. Psychological Review 99. 1992. • Just, Marcel A. et. al. “Neuroindices of Cognitive Workload: Neuroimaging, Pupillometric and Event-Related Potential Studies of Brain Work,” Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science 4 (2003): 56–88. • Kahneman, Daniel, et al., “Pupillary, Heart Rate, and Skin Resistance Changes During a Mental Task,” Journal of Experimental Psychology 79 (1969): 164–67. • Boehler, Carsten N., et al. “Task-Load-Dependent Activation of Dopaminergic Midbrain Areas in the Absence of Reward,” Journal of Neuroscience 31 (2011): 4955–61. • Vergauwe et al. “Do Mental Processes Share a Domain-General Resource?” Psychological Science 21 (2010): 384–90. • Hess, Eckhard H. “Attitude and Pupil Size,” Scientific American 212 (1965): 46–54. • Smith, Michael E., Linda K. McEvoy, and Alan Gevins. “Neurophysiological Indices of Strategy Development and Skill Acquisition,” Cognitive Brain Research 7 (1999): 389–404. • Monsell, Stephen. “Task Switching,” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7 (2003): 134–40. • Kahneman, Daniel, Rachel Ben-Ishai, and Michael Lotan. “Relation of a Test of Attention to Road Accidents,” Journal of Applied Psychology 58 (1973): 113–15. • Reimer, J., McGinley, M. J., Liu, Y., Rodenkirch, C., Wang, Q., McCormick, D. A., & Tolias, A. S. (2016). Pupil fluctuations track rapid changes in adrenergic and cholinergic activity in cortex. Nature communications, 7, 13289. doi:10.1038/ncomms13289 • Kraiger, Kurt, Kevin Ford, and Eduardo Salas. “Application of Cognitive, Skill-Based, and Affective Theories of Learning Outcomes to New Methods of Training Evaluation”. April 1993. Journal of Applied Psychology 78(2): 311-328. • Gopher, Daniel. “A Selective Attention Test as a Predictor of Success in Flight Training,” Human Factors 24 (1982): 173–83.