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Language Structures

Language Structures. Dialogue I. Dialogue II. Reading I. Reading II. Guided Writing. Interaction Activities. Listening Practice. LSP. LS. 3. 1. 4. 2. LSP. LS. See the following sentences and find out the grammar rules they use:.

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Language Structures

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  1. Language Structures Dialogue I Dialogue II Reading I Reading II Guided Writing Interaction Activities Listening Practice

  2. LSP LS 3 1 4 2

  3. LSP LS See the following sentences and find out the grammar rules they use: • 1. Do you know what to say to a person on his birthday in English? • 2. It takes us about forty-five minutes to go to the station. • 3. We can see buses come and go in a busy street. • 4. Would you mind telling me the time? Follow up activity

  4. LSP >> 非限定（non-finite）动词（非谓语动词） 英语动词有限定（finite）和非限定（non-finite）两类。 1. 限定动词：句子中的谓语动词（predicative verb）是限定的；限定动词受人称（person）和数目（number）的限制。此外，还有时态（tense ）、语态（voice）和情态（mood）等。E.g. ① Good leaders serve the people whole-heartedly. ② Jason is giving a public lecture. ③ Who did it? ④ I would appreciate it if you could do me a favour.

  5. LSP • 非限定动词: 在句子中可以施展其他功能的动词；这些动词具有一般动词的许多特性，但没有“人称”和“数目”的限制。 • 非限定动词的种类： • 不定式动词（the infinitive）; 分词（ the present & past participle现在分词 & 过去分词）; 动名词（the gerund）。 E.g. • ⑤ Tom found the prescribed text hard to read. 不定式⑥ Helen has a smiling face. 现在分词⑦ Your written English is good. 过去分词⑧ Smoking is harmful to health. 动名词

  6. LSP 4. 非限定动词的作用： 1）当主语　不定式动词和动名词都可当句子的主语，取代名词和代词。E.g. To swim in a warm day is joyful. Swimming makes us hale and hearty. (精神充沛，老当益壮) 2）当补足语　可当主语的句子成分也可当补足语。 E.g. A good government‘s desire is serving the people. What is difficult is to hoodwink the public indefinitely. 同样的，现在分词与过去分词也可充当系动词（the linking verb）的补足语。E.g. The witness's evidence is quite convincing. At long last, John was fully convinced.

  7. LSP 3) 当宾语 不定式动词和动名词都可充当及物动词的宾语。 E.g. The baby wanted to drink milk. Janet suddenly stopped talking. 它们也可以成为介词的宾语，但除了“except, but, about, than”之外，介词的宾语多数是动名词。 E.g. I am tired of repeating the same point. Most of us desired nothing except to succeed. Betty did nothing useful but talk（不带”to”）。 That weak old man is about to die.

  8. LSP 4) 当名词修饰语E.g. Don‘t disturb the sleeping dog.（现在分词）  Can you remove the damaged machine?（过去分词）  That is the only thing to do.（不定式动词）  The sailors came in a fishing boat.（动名词） 5) 当动词修饰语E.g. Walking along the road, he came across a friend. （现在分词短语）  Extremely frightened, the picnickers fled. （过去分词短语）  The athlete stopped to take a rest? （不定式动词短语）  Peter came running.（动名词)

  9. LSP 1. When he was a boy, he used to go there and watch _____. A. to repair bicycles B. bicycles to be repaired C. bicycles being repaired D. repairing bicycles 2. --- Have you considered _____ your job as a teacher? --- Yes. I like the job because a teacher is often considered _____ a gardener. A. to change; to be B. to change; being C. changing; being D. changing; to be 3. The dog, _____, will be made a good watchdog. A. to train properly B. being trained properly C. properly to train D. trained properly 4. _____ the diamond, he had to look for a place to hide it. A. Having stolen B. Having been stolen C. Stolen D. Stealing

  10. LSP 5. _____ the front door _____, he had to enter the room through the back door. A. Seen; painted B. Seeing; painted C. Being seen; being painted D. Seeing; being painted 6. And there, almost _____ in the big chair, sat her little brother, who never had to be told to keep quiet. A. having lost B. losing C. to be lost D. lost 7. He looked around and caught a man _____ his hand into the pocket of a passenger. A. put B. to be putting C. to put D. putting 8. To answer correctly is more important than _____. A. that you finish quicklyB. finishing quickly C. to finish quickly D. finish quickly

  11. LSP 9. You will see this product made in this factory _____ wherever you go. A. to be advertised B. advertised C. advertise D. advertising 10. In January , 2004, the United States successfully launched “Spirit”, a Mars Exploration Rover, _____ a new milestone in the history of mankind. A. it marked B. marking C. marked D. to mark 11. It was getting dark; I found a car _____ in a pool by the side of the road. A. to be stuck B. stuck C. sticking D. stick 12. You can’t imagine what great trouble they have _____ the problem _____. A. to solve; being talked aboutB. solving; discussing C. to solve; to talk aboutD. solving; being discussed

  12. LSP 1 LSP IAsking for information about what to do and Expressing gratitude Practice following conversations: A: Do you know / Could you tell me what to say to a person on his birthday in English? B: (Yes. You say ‘Happy birthday and many happy returns of the day!’) A: I’m so glad to know the right thing to say. Thank you for telling me. B: (Not at all.)

  13. LSP • Please think about the following questions: • Do you know/ Would you mind telling me what to say to a couple on their wedding anniversary? • 2) What to say to the person at his/her departure for London? • 3) When to say “To your health!”/ “Bottoms up!” “Cheers!”/ “Let me take a toast!” “Congratulations!” • 4) Where to exchange some US dollars?

  14. LSP • Answer: • Have a happy anniversary! • 2) A pleasant journey! A good trip! • 3) At a dinner party. On one’s commencement (毕业典礼)/ promotion/ success. • 4) At Bank of China.

  15. LSP LSP IIAsking for and giving information about the length of time needed for an action 2 Practice following conversations: A: Are we early enough to catch the 9:30 train? B: No. (I’m afraid) it’s too late to do that. A: How long will it take us to go to the station? B: (About forty-five minutes, I think.)

  16. LSP Language points for LSP II: 1. It’s adj. + enough + infinitive E.g. He will be quick enough to finish the decoration work in 3 days John is smart enough to solve the problem in 5 minutes. He was fool enough to agree. 2. It’s too + adj. + infinitive E.g. Never too late to learn. She is too emotional to hold her tears back . It’s too risky to spend all your money on stocks.

  17. LSP LSP IIIAsking for and giving information about something that is likely to be seen or heard. 3 Practice following conversations: A: (What can you see in a busy street?) B: Oh, I can see buses come and go busily and sometimes I can see a pedestrian jaywalk. A: (Do you hear anything in the street?) B: Yes, I can hear the bus engines purr and sometimes I can hear an ambulance sound its siren.

  18. LSP • Language points for LSP III: • 1. Traffic on the street: • truck 运货卡车 • double decker bus 双层公共汽车 • taxi, taxicab 计程汽车, 出租汽车 • tramcar, streetcar 电车, 有轨电车 • trolleybus 无轨电车 • underground, tube, subway 地铁 • coach, motor coach, bus 大客车 • What can you see / hear in a park ?

  19. LSP >> birds fly in the sky >> fish swim in the ponds >> people take photos/ play chess/ do shadow boxing/ dance/ go fishing >> children play games/ hide-and-seek/ rope-skipping/ rubber band skipping// play on the swing/ see-saw/ slide// ride wooden horses/ tricycles// fly kite/ go roller skating >> women knit/ watch their children in the sun >> kindergarten children sing nursery rhymes >> young people speak English at the English corner >> children frolic on the lawn >> students read aloud under the tree >> people chat here and there >> musicians play the violin or the accordion birds sing on the trees

  20. LSP LSP IV Requesting somebody to do something & Expressing willingness to do as requested 3 Practice following conversations: A: It’s getting quite late now, isn’t it? B: (Yes, it is.) A: Would you mind telling me the time? My watch has stopped. B: Certainly. // Certainly not. / Of course not. / Not at all. // (It’s twenty-two minutes past five.)

  21. LSP Follow up activity: Would you mind doing … ? 1. The bus is stuffy. You want to open the window. 2. It is very hot. You want to turn on the air-conditioner. 3. You are invited to a friend’s party. You want to smoke. 4. You want to invite a girl to dance with you at a ball.

  22. D I Dialogue I On the Wheel Consider and answering following questions: • 1. How do you usually go to school/ work/ go shopping? By bus, bike, taxi, car, trolley bus or just on foot? • 2. What is the most popular/ widely used vehicle in China? Is there any difference between big cities and countryside in China? • 3. What is the most popular/ widely used vehicle in America? What is the difference between China and America?

  23. D I Dialogue I On the Wheel Listening to the recording and answer the questions on specific details of this dialogue What does it mean when one says that cycling is a way of life in China? What role does the motor wheel play in American life? What are some major reasons why American choose to own a car?

  24. D I Dialogue I On the Wheel Browse through the text and find out sentences using following conversational strategies • How to initiate a topic and steer the conversation into desired directions. • Expressing one’s attitude or opinion on a certain topic. A. Showing agreement B. Showing disagreement or expressing different opinions

  25. D I How to initiate a topic and steer the conversation into desired directions. A: I heard about China being a “Kingdom of bicycle”. (or As is known to all/ I have been told that, China is a “Kingdom of bicycle”.)" B: Yes, for many of us, cycling has become a way of life. B: It’s said that the United States is a country driven by automobile engine, and Americans are a people on the wheel." A: That’s no exaggeration. B: But I heard city public transport in your country is not very convenient. A: That’s true.

  26. D I Practice with the following cues a. A four-storey students’ cafeteria has been built on our campus. b. A new plastic racetrack is being built on our campus. c. Jenny has made a new friend on the net. d. Our dean will give a speech on the commencement tomorrow morning.

  27. D I A. Showing agreement • (1) A: Yes, this is exactly what I felt during my • first two months here. • A: Absolutely. • A: That’s no exaggeration. • A: That’s true. • (5) A: That’s exactly what was on my mind.

  28. D I Additional expressions • I agree (with you.) • You’re/ That’s right. • No doubt about it. • I think so, too. • I feel the same way. • That’s just/ exactly what I was thinking. • I can’t agree with you more. • You took the words right out of my mouth! (less formal)

  29. D I Showing disagreement or expressing different opinions • A: I wouldn’t consider that a healthy attitude. • (2) A: No, I’m serious. I don’t mean we should give up automobiles altogether for bicycles. • (3) What I’m saying here is that we should discourage the use of……

  30. D I Additional expressions • I disagree. • I don’t think so. • I wish I could agree with you, but… • I don’t want to argue with you about that, but… • I wouldn’t say that. • I wouldn’t go as far as that. • I wouldn’t go so far as to say that.

  31. D I Dialogue I On the Wheel Read the dialogue loudly in pairs and find out useful expressions of the text.

  32. D I Dialogue I On the Wheel Language Appreciation: 1. this is no exaggeration. 毫不夸张. 这不是夸大之辞. E.g. This is no exaggeration to say he’s the most generous person I’ve ever met. (词汇扩展: exaggerate v. 夸张, 夸大; understatement n. 克制地, 不充分地陈述) 2. kingdom of bicycles 自行车王国 kingdom of table tennis 乒乓球王国 3. Do in China as the Chinese do. 入乡随俗 Source: Do in Rome as Romans do. While in Rome, do as Romans do"

  33. D I Dialogue I On the Wheel Language Point: 4. for a change adv. 为改变 5. to be in charge of 负全责, 经管, 照顾 = be responsible for / to

  34. D I Dialogue I On the Wheel Retell the content of the dialogue --- An American talks to a Chinese friend about China being a “Kingdom of bicycle”. --- They exchange views on two kinds of wheel and two ways of life. --- Problems with American city public transportation.

  35. D I Dialogue I On the Wheel Role Play: On the Ship Jin and Cai are classmates. They are taking a ship to Dalian. Cai’s hometown, during the summer vacation. It is the first time Jin has taken a sea voyage. He is very excited. Cai and Jin are now on board a ship. Jin tells Cai how he feels about the voyage and they talk about what to do in Dalian.

  36. D II Dialogue II Likes, Dislikes and Preferences Complementary Expressions: Expressing likes: I’m crazy about… It’s great, super, fantastic, and terrific. My favorite is… I especially like … Expressing dislikes: I don’t particularly care for… I’m not really crazy about… I have a dislike for… Expressing preference: I like…better I’d like to … I’d just as soon do…

  37. D II Dialogue II Likes, Dislikes and Preferences Practice: A dislikes the subjects below, and expressions his/her dislike. B agrees or disagrees accordingly. Try to use as many different phrases as possible. A likes the subjects below, and states this, giving a reason. B agrees or disagrees accordingly, stating why he/she agrees or disagrees. Think of other subjects yourself and talk about preferences.

  38. R I My First Day at School Reading I Listen to the recording, consider and answer following questions • 1. Talk about your first day at college. How did you feel at that time? Did you feel confident/ nervous/ uneasy… when you have to say something or to perform before a crowd of people? • 2. Try to recall some interesting stories happened to you at primary school. The teachers you met, the new friends you made, games you played… …

  39. R I Reading I My First Day at School Go over the text in 5 minutes and answer the questions on specific details of this text 1. When was the boy shy? 2. What did the teacher ask him to do on his first day at school? 3. Could he write? Why not? 4. What did some students do when he could not write his name and address? 5. What did the teacher do? 6. What made him forget everything? 7. When the whole room burst into a loud and prolonged laugh, how did he feel? 8. How did he think of himself? Why do you say so?

  40. R I Reading I My First Day at School About the Writer: One of America’s greatest black writers, Richard Wright was also among the first African American writers to achieve literary fame and fortune, but his reputation has less to do with the color of his skin than with the superb quality of his work. He was born and spent the first years of his life on a plantation, not far from the affluent city of Natchez on the Mississippi River, but his life as the son of an illiterate sharecropper was far from affluent. Though he spent only a few years of his life in Mississippi, those years would play a key role in his two most important works: Native Son, a novel, and his autobiography, Black Boy. Richard Wright

  41. R I Reading I My First Day at School Words and Expressions: • in the presence of • 在…面前；在（某人）眼前 (= in sb's presence) • blank & empty • a blank house: 空房子 (暂时没人占用,居住, 但里面可能有家具.) • an empty house: 空房子 (房内既无家具也无人.)

  42. R I Reading I My First Day at School Words and Expressions: 3. beam, chuckle, giggle, grin, jeer, laugh, roar, sneer, titer 1. beam vi.本义指照耀，放光，引申为"微笑"，是正式用语，指面带喜悦或笑容，暗示对他人的友好或内心的满足。She beamed with happiness.她高兴得眉开眼笑。 2. chuckle vi. (书面语)吃吃的笑，抿嘴笑，轻声笑，多指因得意或领会到某事中的趣味而暗自发笑。She does not laugh out loud; she only chuckles. 3. giggle vi.咯咯地笑，痴笑，傻笑，多指女人和孩子由于紧张、被逗乐、尴尬时所发出的笑声。The schoolgirls giggled when the famous football player walked into their classroom.

  43. R I Reading I My First Day at School Words and Expressions: 4. grin vi. 露齿而笑，指人因高兴、满足、轻蔑等咧开嘴露齿地笑。He grinned at his mother.他冲他的妈妈咧嘴一笑。 5. jeer v.讥笑，嘲笑，其同义词是mock。The crowd jeered when the boxer was knocked down. 6. laugh v.笑，大笑，用于一般的笑或出声的大笑。 7. roar v.怒吼，咆哮，引申为放声大笑，哄堂大笑。He roared when he heard the joke. 8. sneer v.冷笑，嘲笑，指以语言、表情、和声调表示轻蔑或嘲弄。He sneered at the offer and said it was two low. 9. titter vi. 吃吃地笑, 偷笑

  44. R I Reading I My First Day at School Words and Expressions: • impulse 冲动；刺激 • e.g. She bought the dress on impulse. • impulsion n. 冲动, impulsive adj. 易冲动的 • 5. flash through • 突然闪现；突然想起, 掠过 • 6. to collect one’s senses: to control one’s emotion, to calm down • 控制情绪, 平静下来 • 7. no doubt = without doubt = without question • 毫无疑问

  45. R I Reading I My First Day at School Comments on the passage: • Narrative Writing • Distinctive feature: writer’s vivid and impressive descriptions of the boy’s inner activities & descriptions of the teacher’s directions and classmates’ reactions all highlight the nervous and embarrassing atmosphere at that time. • 3. Three main questions: • a. What were the changes of the boy’s inner feelings? • b. How did his teacher try to encourage and direct him? • c. What were the reactions of his classmates?

  46. R II Reading II “They Never Give Me the Present” Read the dialogue, try to make out the main idea, and answer the following questions • Was the school popular when the author first attended it? • What kind of children went to the school? • How did the boys and girls treat Loll on his first day at school? • Why did they make fun of him? • Why was Loll unhappy when he returned the home? • What did the teacher actually mean when she said, “Well, just you sit there for the present”?"

  47. R II Reading II “They Never Give Me the Present” Words and Expressions: 1. to be at its peak处在顶点, 顶峰" E.g. Sales have reached a new peak. 销售额已达到新的高峰。 2. to box a few ears打了几耳光 E.g. in a smouldering temper 不高兴, 沮丧 3. for the present现在

  48. R I Reading II “They Never Give Me the Present” Comments on the passage: Usage of verbs and adjectives: >>> The author employs some vivid verbs and adjectives in this passage to achieve a light and humorous effect, which impresses readers deeply. Such as: the outlying farms, half-hidden hovels, strange oaths and odours, quaint garments, curious pies, wrap me in scarves, tie up my bootlaces, thrust a cap on my head, stuff a baked potato in my pocket…

  49. GW Learn how to write a note of thanks Guided Writing • A note of thanks should : • Express our gratitude; • Show our pleasure at the gift itself (we may say that it is exquisite or it is just what we want); • Show our appreciation of the sender’s considerateness or his / her cleverness at picking out the right time

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