Define Green Marketing.

1. Eagle Challenge Define Green Marketing. Learning Target

2. Green Marketing

3. What is it? • Using claims about a product's environmental "friendliness" in order to promote the product

4. Commission Commission: earnings based on sales. Straight commission: entire pay based on sales. Salary plus commission: a set amount of pay plus an additional amount based on sales. Commission rate: percent of sales that are eligible for a commission. Quota: a minimum amount of sales that is required before a commission is applicable.

5. Melanie Brooks works for a cosmetics company and earns $200 a week in salary plus 30% commission on all sales over $500. If she had sales of $1,250 last week, how much were her total earnings? • Her salary would be $200 plus any applicable commission. • The commission would be calculated at 30% on $750 in sales or $225. Add this amount to her base salary and the total is $425.

6. Examples of “green” advertising claims? • biodegradable • compostable • recyclable/recycled • environmentally safe • ozone friendly

7. Why do companies use it? • Research shows that consumers prefer--and are willing to spend more money on--products they perceive as environmentally safe • More than half of American consumers have purchased a product because of a label that said it was environmentally safe or biodegradable

8. Are there problems of deception with “green” claims? • Keyes Fibre Company's claims for Chinet disposable tableware • biodegradable • compostable in municipal solid waste composting facilities • Recyclable • In fact, according to the FTC • Won’t degrade in landfill • Few municipal composting facilities • No facilities accept it for recycling

9. Why are consumers fooled by such claims? • consumers generally can't tell whether a product will do what the advertiser claims • degrade in a landfill • not deplete the ozone layer • even if the claims are true, it may not be evident for five, ten, fifty or more years

10. As a result of concerns about growing use of such claims, the FTC issued Guides for the Use of Environmental Marketing Claims

11. What do the Guides cover? Any way in which a message can be received • labeling • advertising • promotional materials

12. Any form a message can take • words • symbols • emblems • logos • depictions • product brand names

13. 260.6 General Principles (a) Any qualifications or disclosures should be sufficiently clear, prominent and understandable to prevent deception (b) Claim should make clear whether it applies to the product or the package (c) Claims should not overstate the environmental attribute or benefit

14. 260.7 Environmental Marketing Claims (a) General claims (e.g., “eco-safe”) must be • not misleading • substantiated in advance of the claim • burden of proof on advertiser

15. (b) Claims of degradability, biodegradability, and photodegradability • are deceptive unless there is scientific evidence that the entire product or package will completely break down and return to nature (i.e. decompose) within a reasonably short period of time

16. (c) Claims of compostability (of the product or package) • are deceptive unless all the materials in the product or package will break down into usable compost in a safe and timely manner • in an appropriate composting facility; or • a home compost pile

17. are deceptive if • the item is not compostable in a home compost pile; and • there are no institutional or municipal composting facilities in the community where the item is sold

18. (d) Claims of recyclability • are deceptive unless the product or package can be collected, separated or otherwise recovered from the solid waste stream • for reuse; or • in the manufacture or assembly of another package or product • through an established recycling program

19. If only part of a package or item is recyclable, any claim of recyclability must be adequately qualified to avoid consumer deception • A claim of recyclability is not deceptive if only minor, incidental components are non-recyclable

20. Claims of recyclability have unique potential for deception because • not all communities have recycling facilities • not all facilities recycle the same products and packages

21. As a general rule, use of the term "recyclable" and/or use of symbols that imply recyclability are deceptive • unless collection sites for recycling the material are available to a substantial majority of consumers or communities • even if collection sites are established in a significant percentage of communities or available to a significant percentage of the population • unless the claim is qualified to indicate the limited availability of recycling programs

22. Symbols that imply recyclability include • three chasing arrows • FTC Guide says that, unless qualified, it means product or package is made of recycled materials as well as being recyclable • SPI symbol • code developed by the Society of the Plastics Industry to indicate the type of plastic from which product is made • numbers run from 1 to 7

23. Qualifications that adequately notify consumers of limited availability of recycling programs include • "This bottle may not be recyclable in your area" • "Recyclable in the few communities with facilities for foam polystyrene cups" • providing the approximate number or percentage of communities or population to whom programs are available

24. (h) Claims relating to the preservation of the ozone layer • For example: • ozone safe • ozone friendly • contains no CFCs • are deceptive if the product contains any ozone-depleting substance

25. Problem: all ozone is not alike: • ozone layer in upper atmosphere is necessary to prevent sun's harmful radiation from reaching earth • ozone at ground level forms smog • can cause serious breathing problems • "ozone safe" products should not harm the atmosphere at either level

26. Green Power • Green marketing heavily used in electricity generation/marketing • What is green power? • electric power that is • generated by renewable resources • less polluting than fossil fuels and nuclear power

27. What types of power are “green”? • Wind • Bioenergy • Geothermal energy • Solar power • Hydroelectric power

28. Why is green power attractive to consumers? • Electricity generation is largest industrial polluter in US; currently produces: • two-thirds of the annual U.S. emissions of sulfur dioxide (main cause of acid rain) • 30 percent of the nitrogen oxide emissions (stress forest ecosystems; combine with organic compounds in sunlight to form smog) • 40 percent of carbon dioxide emissions • toxic-metal emissions (mercury and lead) • nuclear waste.

29. What are the “dirtiest” energy sources? • Coal • Oil • Nuclear power • Natural Gas

30. What are the green power options? 1. Green Pricing • Consumers do not have to change their electricity provider • Customers choose to pay a premium on their electricity bill to cover the extra cost of purchasing clean, sustainable energy • As of March 2003, more than 300 electricity providers in 32 states have implemented green pricing options or announced plans to do so • Green Mountain Power’s Coolhome, Coolbusiness

31. 2. Green Marketing • Sale of green power in competitive markets; consumers have option to choose among suppliers and service offerings • like choosing long-distance telephone carriers • As of October, 2003 green marketing was available in nine states • all in the northeast except Texas • not in Vermont

32. 3. Green Tags • Tradable Renewable Certificates (TRCs) represent the environmental (non-power) attributes or benefits of renewable electricity generation • consumer pays for the benefit of adding clean, renewable energy generation to the regional or national electricity grid • provides same environmental benefit as purchasing green pricing or green marketing product • provide “green” option for people in states where green pricing/marketing not available

33. Consumer Protection Issues in Green Power • When power flows from the generator to your house, electrons get mixed together on the wires • You can't specify which electrons you get • you can't know for sure if they are being generated by "green" power sources • A number of mechanisms have been established to avoid consumer deception

34. 1. Voluntary certification • Green-e • Establishes consumer protection and environmental standards for electricity products, and verifies that these products meet the standards. • Standards include: • 50% or more of the electricity supply comes from one or more of these eligible renewable resources: solar, wind, geothermal, biomass, and small or certified low-impact hydro facilities • if a portion of the electricity is non-renewable, the air emissions are equal to or lower than those produced by conventional electricity • there are no specific purchases of nuclear power, and • the product meets the Green-e new renewable requirement

35. 2. State standards • In 2002 Illinois established a "green power standard" for green power claims. The standard establishes three tests: • 100% of the power must come from new clean power sources (i.e., coming online after January 1, 2002) • at least 2/3 of the power must be produced by wind or solar energy, with the remainder from other renewable energy sources such as landfill gas, small hydro, and biopower • the power purchase must create clear air quality benefits for the Illinois airshed

36. 3. National Association of Attorneys General (NAAG)--Environmental Marketing Guidelines for Electricity • Provisions include: • term "green" and other similarly general statements of environmental benefit should be used with caution; every implied representation of environmental benefit must be substantiated • term "clean energy" means energy whose generation does not cause significant emissions • a "renewable" energy source is one which is naturally replenishable and is replenished on some reasonable time frame

37. Green Power in Vermont • Apparently the only green power option available in Vermont is Green Mountain Power's Cool Home project • Customers make a $6 monthly tax-deductible contribution to the non-profit group Clean Air-Cool Planet • through the Vermont-based group NativeEnergy, new renewable energy projects are developed • wind farms • farm methane systems