Chap 4 Cross Section Elements (pp.4-1 – 4-66 )

1. Chap 4 Cross Section Elements(pp.4-1 – 4-66 ) The following topics (pages) are covered in this lecture: • Pavement (p.4-1 – 4-7) • Lane width (p.4-7 – 4-8) • Shoulders (p.4-8 – 4-14) • Drainage Channels (p.4-20 – 4-27) • Pedestrian Facilities (p.4-56 – 4-66)

2. 4.2 Cross Section www.Visual Dictionary On-line.com

3. Roadway Assembly in Civil 3D

4. Roadway Assembly (2)

5. Roadway vs. Traveled Way Roadway: The portion of a highway, including shoulders, for vehicular use. A divided highway has two or more roadways. Traveled Way: The portion of the roadway for the movement of vehicles, exclusive of shoulders.

6. Typical Cross Section Normal Crown Fig. 4-1 High-type surface: 1.5 to 2.0% Low-type surface: 2 to 6%

7. Typical Cross Section Superelevated Fig. 4-2

8. Roadway Sections for Divided Highway Fig. 4-3

9. 4.3 Lane Width • 9 to12 ft, 12 ft predominant • 11 ft acceptable • 9 ft acceptable for low-volume roads in rural & suburban areas • Narrow inside lanes may be OK, like 10 to 11 ft inside lanes and 12 to 13 ft outside lanes to accommodate bikes • Auxiliary lanes (like left turn lanes) can be 10 ft, but TWLTL should have 10- to 16-ft

10. 4.4 Shoulders Fig. 4-4

11. Importance of Shoulders • Space for vehicles with problems to park • Space for drivers to stop and check maps, etc • Space for evasive maneuvers to avoid collisions • The sense of openness • Help providing required sight distance • Increased aesthetics • Improved capacity • Space for maintenance operations (snow & storage) • Lateral clearance for signs and guardrails • Discharge storm water away from the edge of pavement (reduce pavement breakup) • Structural support for the pavement • Space for pedestrians and bicycles

12. 4.4.2 Shoulder Width • Desirably, a vehicle stopped on the shoulder should clear the edge of the traveled way by at least 1 ft, and preferably 2 ft.  10 ft min width (Semi-trailer width is about 8 ft.) • A minimum of 2 ft for the lowest-type highway, and 6 to 8 ft preferred • A minimum of 10 ft, preferably 12 ft for high-type high-volume roads • A min clearance of 4 ft to barriers • A shoulder should be continuous

13. 4.4.3 Shoulder Cross Section • Depends on the type of shoulder construction • Bitumen/concrete-surfaced: 2 to 6% • Gravel/crushed-rock: 4 to 6% • Turf: 6 to 8% • The max algebraic difference in the traveled way and shoulder grades should be from 6 to 7% (be careful especially at the higher side of the segments with superelevation (i.e., grade break) And , how is it at the Moark Junction?

14. 4.4.4 Shoulder Stability • Paved or stabilized shoulders offer numerous advantages • Provision of refuge for vehicles during emergency • Elimination of rutting and drop-off adjacent to the edge of the traveled way • Provision of adequate cross slope for drainage of roadway • Reduction of maintenance, and • Provision of lateral support for roadway base and surface course

15. 4.8 Drainage Channels and Sideslopes • Drainage channels should have adequate capacity for the design runoff, provide for unusual storm water with minimum damage to the highway, and be located and shaped to provide a safe transition from the roadway to the back slope. • Drainage channels include (1) roadside channels in cut sections, (2) toe-of-slope channels to convey the water from any cut section to the natural watercourse, (3) intercepting channels placed back of the top of cut slopes to intercept surface water, and (4) flumes to carry collected water down steep cut or fill slopes. (2) Foreslope: 1V:4H or flatter recommended (5) Backslope: 1V:3H or flatter recommended (if steeper than 1V:2H, consider retaining walls Fig. 4-6

16. 4.17.1 Sidewalks • 8 ft considered an appropriate minimum. • In residential areas, 4 to 8 ft. • A planted strip between the traveled-way curb and sidewalk should be min 2 ft wide for maintenance purpose. • Where sidewalks are placed adjacent to the curb, make it 2 ft wider than when they are placed with a planted strip. • In general, wherever roadside and land development conditions affect regular pedestrian movement along a highway, a sidewalk or path area, as suitable to the conditions, should be furnished. • As a general practice, sidewalks should be constructed along any street or highway not provided with shoulders, even though pedestrian traffic may be light. • Sidewalks should have all-weather surface to ensure their intended use.

17. US 89 Cross Section

18. Google Earth: Street View North of Moark Junction US89, Looking north North of Moark Junction, near 2nd South US89, Looking north North of Moark Junction US6, Looking south South of Moark Junction US6, Looking east

19. 4.17 Pedestrian Facilities

20. Complete Street Design Complete Streets are streets for everyone. They are designed and operated to enable safe access for all users. Pedestrians, bicyclists, motorists, and public transportation users of all ages and abilities are able to safely move along and across a complete street. Complete Streets make it easy to cross the street, walk to shops, and bicycle to work. They allow buses to run on time and make it safe for people to walk to and from train stations. http://www.completestreets.org/complete-streets-fundamentals/

21. Urban Milwaukee Makeover(South 2nd Street)

22. Daybreak, Utah