1 / 33

Introduction to Structural Organization in Animals: Exploring Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, and Organism Levels

This article provides an overview of the structural hierarchy in animals, discussing the organization of cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms. It explores the structure and function of various tissues, such as epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues, and explains how animals regulate their bodies through homeostasis.

jamesandrews
Download Presentation

Introduction to Structural Organization in Animals: Exploring Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, and Organism Levels

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. 0 Unit f Homeostasis & Unifying Concepts of Biology

  2. Unit f Standards • I can describe the structural hierarchy of the body: cell, tissue, organ, organ system and organism • I can describe the structure and function of the 4 types of tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous • I can state the structures (organs) of the 12 organ systems • I can describe the function of the 12 organ systems • I can explain how and why animals regulate their bodies via homeostasis • I can provide examples of negative feedback loops at work in the human body and explain why they function to maintain homeostasis

  3. 0 • Climbing the Walls • Spiderman is a familiar character known for his ability to climb walls Geckos, small lizards commonly found in the tropics can walk up a wall and across ceilings, but how do they do this?

  4. Spatulae coming from a single seta Rows of setae on a gecko’s foot 0 • The explanation relates to hairs called setae, on the gecko’s toes containing many split ends called spatulae • The ability to “stick” to surfaces results from attractions between molecules on the spatulae and the surface on which the gecko is crawling

  5. A little Hank  • Intro to Anatomy and Physiology • Tissues Part 1: Intro, Nervous and Muscle • Tissues Part 2: Epithelial • Tissues Part 3: Connective • Tissues Part 4: Types of Connective

  6. 0 THE HIERARCHY OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION IN AN ANIMAL Correlation between structure and function is one of biology’s most fundamental concepts • Structure fits function in the animal body • Anatomy is the study of structure • Physiology studies how structures function

  7. 0 Forearm Wrist Finger 1 Palm Shaft Internal bone structure Finger 2 Finger 3 Shaft Barb Featherstructure Barbule Hook • The functions of specific structuresresult from their specific structures Figure 20.1

  8. 0 • Animal structure has a hierarchy • Structure in the living world is organized in a series of hierarchical levels A  Cellular level Muscle cell B  Tissue level Muscle tissue C  Organ level Heart D  Organ system level Circulatory system E  Organism level Many organ systemsfunctioning together

  9. Tissues are groups of many similar cells with a common structure and that perform a specific function • Epithelial tissue covers the body and lines its organs and cavities • Epithelial tissue occurs as sheets of closely packed cellsthat cover surfaces and line the cavities and tubes of internal organs

  10. 0 • Epithelial tissuefunctions in protection, secretion, and exchange Free surface ofepithelium Basementmembrane(extracellularmatrix) Underlyingtissue Cellnuclei A  Simple squamous epithelium(lining the air sacs of the lung) D  Stratified squamous epithelium(lining the esophagus) Layers ofdead cells B  Simple cuboidal epithelium(forming a tube in the kidney) Rapidly dividingepithelial cells Colorized SEM E  Stratified squamous epithelium(human skin) C  Simple columnar epithelium(lining the intestine)

  11. 0 Fatdroplets Cartilage-formingcells C  Adipose tissue Matrix Cellnucleus D  Cartilage     (at the end of a bone) Collagenfibers Centralcanal B  Fibrous connective tissue     (forming a tendon) White bloodcells Cell Matrix Collagenfiber Bone-formingcells Red bloodcell Elasticfibers E  Bone Plasma A  Loose connective tissue     (under the skin) F Blood • Connective tissue binds and supports other tissues • The various types of connective tissueare characterized by sparse cells in an extracellular gel matrix • Connective tissuebinds and supports other tissues

  12. 0 • Muscle tissue functions in movement • Skeletal muscle is responsible for voluntary body movements • Cardiac muscle pumps blood • Smooth muscle moves the walls of internal organs such as the stomach Musclefiber Unit ofmusclecontraction Junction betweentwo cells Musclefiber Nucleus Nucleus Muscle fiber Nucleus B  Cardiac muscle A  Skeletal muscle C  Smooth muscle

  13. Cell body Nucleus Cell extensions LM 330 0 • Nervous tissue forms a communication network • The branching neurons of nervous tissuetransmit nerve signals that help control body activities

  14. CONNECTION • Artificial tissues have medical uses • Artificial tissuescan assist in the healing of several injuries

  15. Lumen Small intestine(cut open) Lumen Epithelial tissue(columnar epithelium) Connective tissue Smooth muscletissue (2 layers) Connective tissue Epithelial tissue 0 • Several tissues are organized to form an organ • Each organ is made of several tissues that collectively perform specific functions

  16. Nasal cavity Mouth Larynx Esophagus Trachea Liver Bronchus Stomach Smallintestine Lung Largeintestine Anus B  Respiratory system A  Digestive system • Organ systems work together to perform life functions • Each organ systemhas one or more functions • The digestive and respiratory systems gather food and oxygen Bozeman: Organ Systems

  17. Bonemarrow Heart Thymus D  Immune system Spleen E  Lymphatic system Lymphnodes Bloodvessels Lymphvessels C  Circulatory system • The circulatory system, aided by the lymphatic system, transports the food and oxygen • The immune system protects the body from infection and cancer

  18. Pituitary gland F  Excretory system Thyroid gland Thymus Kidney Adrenal gland Pancreas Ureter Testis(male) Urinarybladder Urethra Ovary(female) G  Endocrine system • The excretory system disposes of certain wastes • The endocrine and nervous systemscontrol body functions

  19. Hair Cartilage Skin Skeletalmuscles Nails Bones J  Skeletal system I  Integumentary system K  Muscular system • The integumentary systemcovers and protects the body • Skeletal and muscular systemssupport and move the body

  20. Male Female Prostategland Vasdeferens Oviduct Ovary Urethra Uterus Penis Vagina Testis L  Reproductive systems • The reproductive system perpetuates the species

  21. Nervous system controls body movement, functioning via communication through nerves

  22. CONNECTION • New imaging technology reveals the inner body • New technologies enable us to see body organs without surgery

  23. X-rays • X-rayscan be used for imaging bones and teeth

  24. CT • Computed tomography (CT) scansare excellent diagnostic tools

  25. MRI • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)allows visualization of soft tissues

  26. MRM • Magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM)provides three-dimensional images of very small structures

  27. MAX HEARINGWORDS SEEINGWORDS MIN GENERATINGWORDS SPEAKINGWORDS • PET • Positron-emission tomography (PET)yields information about metabolic processes at specific locations in the body

  28. 0 Mouth Diffusion Twocelllayers Diffusion Gastrovascularcavity EXCHANGES WITH THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT • Structural adaptations enhance exchange between animals and their environment • Small animals with simple body construction have enough surface area to meet their cells’ needs

  29. External environment CO2 O2 Food Mouth Animal Respiratorysystem Digestivesystem Interstitialfluid Nutrients Circulatorysystem Bodycells Excretorysystem Intestine Anus Metabolic wasteproducts (urine) Unabsorbedmatter (feces) • Larger, complex animals have specialized structures that increase surface area • Exchange of materials between blood and body cells takes place through the interstitial fluid

  30. The respiratory systemhas an enormous internal surface area

  31. Externalenvironment Internalenvironment Homeostaticmechanisms Smallfluctuations Largefluctuations • Animals regulate their internal environment in response to changes in external conditions • Animals regulate their internal environment to achieve homeostasis, an internal steady state Bozeman: Homeostasis

  32. Sweat glands secrete sweatthat evaporates, cooling body Thermostat in brainactivates coolingmechanisms Blood vessels inskin dilate andheat escapes Temperaturedecreases Temperature risesabove normal Thermostat shuts offcooling mechanisms Homeostasis:Internal body temperatureof approximately 36–38C Temperatureincreases Temperature fallsbelow normal Thermostat shuts offwarming mechanisms Blood vessels in skinconstrict, minimizingheat loss Thermostat inbrain activateswarmingmechanisms Skeletal muscles rapidlycontract, causing shivering,which generates heat • Homeostasis depends on negative feedback • Negative feedback mechanisms keep internal variables fairly constant, with small fluctuations around set points

  33. Your Turn!! • To help understand the connection between the body systems and homeostasis go to this website: https://ats.doit.wisc.edu/biology/ap/ho/ho.htm and proceed through the 3 topics in order 1. Ben’s Bad Day 2. Ben’s Homeostasis: The Inside Story 3. Does Ben Have Diabetes?

More Related