Axis Victories

1. Axis Victories p. 466

2. Technology once again made this war as surprisingly horrible as WW I. • Blitzkrieg: • “lightning war”. • EC: Advantages: (3) • The Germany military used fast, shocking vehicles and aircraft, teamed with powerful, long-range artillery. • Entrenched armies were surrounded and bypassed. • They would surrender when they ran out of food, supplies, or the will to fight.

3. Luftwaffe: • The German Air Force. • Using small and medium, fast fighters and bombers. • They worked in unison with the ground forces, making the blitzkrieg effective.

4. Germany and the Soviet Union finished Poland in a month. • EC: Stalin then invaded (4) • Lithuania, • Latvia, • Estonia, • part of Finland (with permission from Hitler). • Hitler sent most of his armies back through Germany to meet the coming attack from the British and French (the Allies).

5. “the Sitzkrieg” • AKA: The “Phony War” • Britain and France did not attack Germany at all. • They set up fortified positions along the French border from the English Channel to Switzerland.

6. April, 1940 (Hitler mocks FDR’s letter): • EC: Germany takes (4) • Denmark, • Norway, • the Netherlands, • Belgium.

7. May, 1940: • EC: German troops invade ____ around the Maginot Line from the Ardennes Forest in Belgium. • France • with Italy invading in the south. • France Falls in one month, France is forced to sign the surrender in the same rail car Germany signed the World War I armistice in. • Hitler then tours Paris, visits Napoleon’s tomb.

8. Vichy: • Hitler took control of northern France, • but allowed a “puppet” French government to rule southern France. • Led by General Philippe Petain

9. Operation Seelowe (Sealion): • EC: After France fell, Hitler reluctantly planned an invasion of ______. • Great Britain • EC: Britain had two forces that protected it…..Germany would have to defeat both. • The Royal Navy • The Royal Air Force (RAF)

10. Battle of Britain: (1st two mins) • EC: Outcome (3) • the Luftwaffe tries and fails to destroy the RAF • Operation Seelowe was cancelled by May, 1941. • For the next four years Germany will bomb London: “The Blitz”

11. North Africa: • EC: From Libya and Ethiopia, Italy attacked ____ . • Egypt • A smaller British force defeated Mussolini’s armies. • EC: Hitler sent a small, mechanized force to help Italy; _____ • the Afrika Korps

12. Erwin Rommel: • Brilliant leader of Hitler’s small Afrika Korps. • EC: Allied troops called him the ______ • “Desert Fox” • His troops pushed the British back into Egypt. • EC: The _____, in Egypt was the main goal.. • Suez Canal

13. The Balkans • EC: Mussolini’s troops also failed at taking _____ and ______ • Yugoslavia and Greece. • Hitler was forced to send troops to support him against Greek and British forces. • The Allies put up a tough fight, but are defeated. • Greek and Yugoslavian partisans (resistance), with Allied assistance, will perform guerrilla attacks for the balance of the war. • ____ and _____ decide to join the Axis. • Bulgaria and Romania

14. June, 1941: • Having subdued the Allies in western Europe, Hitler turned East. • EC: A sudden attack on eastern Poland, opened the war on _____ • the Soviet Union. • Stalin seemed genuinely surprised. • His gigantic, well-armed border forces melted before the blitzkrieg. • Stalin had purged (executed) his best officers in 1936

15. Russia is Gigantic • The Germans killed and captured four million troops, • but there were millions more retreating. • EC: The Soviets retreated, relying on two early “weapons”: • destroying everything, repeating the “scorched-earth” tactics that stopped Napoleon. • Winter (“General Winter”)

16. EC: Germany looted its neighbors’: (4) • Art • Factories • Equipment • People for forced labor.

17. Axis fight the terrorists….. • For every German attacked or killed the Nazis would kill many more innocent hostages • EC: The ____ tortured and killed many to find the partizans. • Gestapo • Many people still supported or joined their resistance fighters • Others collaborated with the Nazis helping them find the resistance. (pic: Russian collaborators.)

18. Resistance (partisan) groups formed against the Germans. • Guerrilla style fighters • Greece • Got equipment from surrendered armies and occupying troops. • EC: the Allies sent supplies and agents to train them to be more effective: (4) • Performed acts of sabotage • Assassinated • Rescued downed air crews and helped them escape • Hid Jews and tried to help them escape

19. Jews: • Jews, by this time, were slated for death. • At first wherever they were found, shot by SS (einsatzgruppen) • Hanged as well. • EC: Many were forced into overcrowded neighborhoods called • ghettos

20. Concentration camps: • Large facilities holding millions of Jewish detainees and other prisoners of war. • EC: Describe conditions: (3) • Forced labor (if they had a skill) • Poorly fed • Worked to death • Coded by type of “crime”

21. Genocide for many unwanted groups • EC: Besides Jews, other inferior peoples: (5) • Gypsies (Romas) • Disabled/mentally ill (many euthanized in hospitals) • Homosexuals • Slavs • Poles

22. January, 1942: Wannsee Conference decides the _____ “Final Solution” (20) • organized death camps (2) • converting current concentration camps • building model death camps in Poland • securerailroad entrance • barracks for • workers (tattooed with serial numbers) • detainees (old, mothers, children, ill/weak) • gas chambers (showers) • crematoria (ovens to burn bodies to ash) • storage for useful items taken from prisoners • luggage • clothes • any metals • hair • gold fillings • medical experiments on human subjects (illegal without permission) • often fatal • Most notorious: Josef Mengele • Hitler ordered that his trains continue taking Jews to camps even when his own troops needed supplies to fight the Allies.

23. Holocaust: • The Jewish term for the German genocide against them. • Some 6 million+ Jews were killed by the end of the war • 2/3 of all Jews living in Europe • Another 9 million+ Slavs, Gypsies, and others died as well.

24. Samaritans • EC: Many Gentiles (non-Jews) tried to save Jews: (6) • Some governments hid or changed records (Denmark, Bulgaria) • Mussolini refused to turn them over, • When Germany took over Italy, round-ups began • Sympathetic diplomats tried to arrange visas out of the occupied lands • Chiune Sugihara, Japan • Raoul Wallenberg, Sweden • German businessman, ____ used his factory to protect hundreds of Jews until the end of the war. • Oskar Schindler,

25. Japan Contemplates War : • Japan knew that American media told its people to be anti-Japanese long before the war. • EC: 1940: FDR moves to stop Japanese aggression. (5) • Roosevelt places a trade embargo of contraband goods to Japan • to protest the war in China and Japanese aggression into French Indochina and the Dutch East Indies. • Petroleum • Scrap metal (steel, tin) • rubber • He also moves the Pacific Fleet from San Diego and Los Angeles to ____, Hawai’i. • Pearl Harbor • Japan sees both moves as a threat.

26. FDR asked Congress to do something. • Lend-Lease Act: • January, 1941: Congress approved FDR supplying countries that “protect” democracy • with military support (equipment only). • He could either sell it or lend it (free). • EC: Roosevelt nicknames the US the ___ because it supplies countries with military support to protect themselves. • “Arsenal of Democracy”

27. August, 1941: • The Atlantic Charter: • EC: Roosevelt (US) and Churchill (Britain) agree to: (2) • Destroy Nazi Germany • Protect all people’s right to choosetheir own form of government (EC: that is called ____) • (self-determination).

28. EC: Japan’s attitude was mixed: (2) • Pro-peace politicians negotiated with US. • Most of the military supported war with the US and Britain. • EC: They secretly planned, trained and quietly dispatched attack fleets to (4) • Singapore, • the Philippines, • key American-held Pacific Islands. • Hawai’i,

29. Talk and War • The Japanese military gave the diplomats until early December to negotiate a solution with the US, but nothing happened. • The attacks began on ____ (Japan date) • December 8th • US (Hawai’i) date • December 7th

30. Japan Gains • By June, 1942, Japan took: (6) • the Philippines, • British Malaya, • Singapore, • Guam, • Wake Island, • New Guinea • and was poised to invade Australia and Hawai’i.

31. Disaster for Britain: • EC: British and French troops were surrounded on the English Channel on the beaches of ____ • Dunkirk : • Britain managed to evacuate 300,000 troops, with practically every boat and ship in the country, while German troops did nothing • EC: Hitler allowed Goering’s _____ to destroy the Allied troops there, but they failed. • Luftwaffe • When he realized the mistake, Hitler sent the army in and captured the troops still there. • Britain lost most of its war equipment in France. • It needed time to rebuild • Or a source to buy weapons from ????? • The defeat was serious for Britain, but the salvation of so many troops was a morale-booster for Brits.

32. Free French • Some French troops and officers escaped and formed a “Free French” government in England • _____________________ rose to be the recognized leader. • Charles de Gaulle • Resistance (guerrilla) forces organized in France, • with Free French and British aid and training.

33. Image, p. 467 • How did Churchill give weight to his speech? • By using repetition and showing determination.

34. German frustration with England • Hitler ordered day and night bombings of British cities and military targets. • EC: The British expression for the bombing campaign was ____ • The Blitz: • Soon, the British retaliated with night bombings of Berlin and other cities. • Though there was much destruction and loss of life, it was again an heroic moment for the British people.

35. 12, images, 468-9. • Questions • 1 What lessons might the British have learned from their experience of the blitz? • To be resourceful • To be cooperative • To be defiant of the enemy • 2 Why do you think that the blitz failed to break the morale of the British people? • The bombings angered the British people and rallied their support for their country

36. Standards Check, p. 469 Fallen to Axis Joined Axis Bulgaria Hungary • Poland • Norway • Denmark • The Netherlands • Belgium • France • Parts of North Africa • Greece • Yugoslavia

37. Stopped by “General Winter” • German troops were at the gates of Leningrad and Moscow when Russia’s frozen weather fell on them. • EC: They were unprepared for the deep cold or Russia’s “General Winter”. (what conditions hampered the Germans?) (5) • Darkness most of the day • Rains and mud • Freezing blizzards • Troops froze to death, • vehicles would not work.

38. Soviet Advantages • The Soviets built vehicles that operated in such weather. • Their troops also were trained in it. • EC: _____ ‘s siege lasted 1000 days, but the Soviets managed to get food and supplies to it in winter. • Leningrad’s • EC: _____ was saved when Marshall Zhukov brought his Siberian army, fresh and experienced from defeating Japanese forces twice. • Moscow • They drove the Germans back.

39. Standards Check, p. 470 • Question • Soviet resistance • Harsh winter • Stalin’s orders to destroy equipment, crops, resources useful to Germans.

40. Capitalists and Communists Ally • EC: Britain’s Churchill, put aside his anti-communist feelings, and offered an alliance with ____ • the Soviet Union. • EC: Stalin hoped Britain would start a second front in the West by attacking ____ • France.

41. Resistance (partisan) groups“underground” • EC When the war started in the Pacific, the Allies continued to smuggle agents and equipment in to: (5) • China, • Malaya, • Indonesia, • Vietnam, • The Philippines • To help their resistance fighters.

42. Collaborators turned in Jews for money and privileges: • In many of the occupied nations • Vichy Government (southern France) cooperated and rounded up its Jews for transport to Germany.

43. Thinking Critically, 470-1 • 1 • In Poland, near work camps • Shows how prisoners could quickly be moved to death camps • Shows ruthless Nazi attitude to Slavs and Jews • 2 • Depicts a dramatic drop in European Jewish population.

44. Japan • Promised to liberate Asia from White imperialism • The “Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere” • Soon, it was clear that Japan planned to enslave “inferior” Asians and Pacific Islanders for labor • Treatment of Asians by the Japanese mirrored German abuses in Europe.

45. “A Dagger at Japan’s Throat” • Japan must gain and protect its hold on two areas with vital resources (region, resource = 5) • oil in the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) • Tin and rubber from French Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, Kampuchea)

46. Standards Check, 473 • Question: • Hitler considered non-Germans to be inferior • They had no right to respect, fair treatment, or even life

47. The US is at War Again. • On December 8, FDR asked Congress to declare war • All but one voted for it. • EC: __________ and _____________ declare war on the US on December 11th. • Italy • Germany

48. Standards Check, p. 474 • Question: • The United States banned the sale of war materials to Japan • This hampered Japans war efforts in China and Southeast Asia

49. Image, 474 • Question: • The United States ended its isolationist policies and entered the war.

50. Quick Write How did Napoleon and Hitler struggle to defeat Russia when they invaded?