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REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM. CONTENT. Introduction Male reproductive system Organs of male reproductive system Scrotum Testes System of ducts Accessory sex glands Male sex hormones Applied physiology. INTRODUCTION.

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REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

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  1. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

  2. CONTENT • Introduction • Male reproductive system • Organs of male reproductive system • Scrotum • Testes • System of ducts • Accessory sex glands • Male sex hormones • Applied physiology

  3. INTRODUCTION Reproductive system is an important system than the other system it helps in continuing the species. The other systems are necessary for survival of an individual by the reproductive system is not. Four processes execute the function of the reproductive system, • Production of egg & sperm . • Transport & maintenance of egg & sperm. • Nourishing of developing offspring. • Secretion of male & female sex hormones.

  4. Male reproductive system • The organs of the male reproductive systems are the testes, system of ducts (including the vas deferens, ejaculatory duct & urethra), accessory sex glands (seminal vesicles, prostrate & bulbo urethral gland) & several supporting structures including the scrotum & penis.

  5. SCROTUM • The scrotum the supporting structures for the testes, it is a sac consisting of loose skin & superficial fascia that hangs from the root of the penis. Externally, the scrotum looks like a single pouch of skin separated into lateral portions by median ridge. Internally, the scrotal sac divides the scrotum into two sacs each containing a single testis. The septum made up of superficial fascia & muscle tissue called the DARTOS muscle

  6. TESTES • The testes are paired, oval glands measuring about 5cm long & 2.5cm in diameter. Each testes has a mass of 10-15 grams. The testes develop near the kidneys in the posterior part of the abdomen.

  7. COVERINGS OF TESTES • During the latter half of the seventh month of foetal development a serous membrane called the Tunica Veginalis which is derived the peritoneum & forms during the decents of the testes, partially covers the testes. Internal tunica vaginalis is the Tunica Albuginea. It extends inwards, forming septa that divides the testes into series of internal compartments called Lobules. Each of the 200-300 lobules contains 1-3 tightly seminiferous tubules

  8. Seminiferous tubules The wall of the seminiferous tubule is formed by three layer. • The outer capsule formed by fibero elastic connective tissue . • A thin homogenous basement membrane • The complex sratified epithelium which consist of two type of cells. • Germ cells • Sertoli cells

  9. Germ cells:- • The germ cells lies in between the sertoli cells & are arranged in an orderly manner in 4 to 8 layers. These cells occupy the spaces between basement membrane & lumen of seminiferous tubules . The germ cells from periphery to lumen are:- • Spermatogonium • Primary spermatocyte • Secondary spermatocyte • spermatid

  10. Sertoli cell:- • The sertoli cells are large & irregular columnar cells extending from basement membrane to lumen of the seminiferous tubules. Adjacent sertoli cells near the basal membrane of seminiferous tubule are attached with one another by tight junctions & forms a blood barrier. FUNCTION OF SERTOLI CELLS:- • Support & nourish the germ cells till the spermatozoa are released from them. • Provide hormonal & other substances necessary for spermatogenesis. • Convert androgens into estrogen with the help of aromatase enzyme present in sertoli cell

  11. Leydig’s cell:- • In the space between adjacent seminiferous tubules are cluster of cell called leydig’s cells or interstitial cells it secrets the testosterone.

  12. SPERMATOGENESIS:- • The process of formation of sperm from testis is known as spermatogenesis. • Process of spermatogenesis • This process completed in 3 phases are : • Multiplication phase. • Growth phase. • Maturation phase. • MULTIPLICATION PHASE :- • In this phase, the PGC that is "primordial germ cell" of semeniferous tubles , which undergoes in 2- mitotic division and from 2 daughter cells (2n) Now these 2-daughter cell again undergoes mitotic division and form 4- daughter cells (2n) know as spermatogonia. • out of four, three spermatogonia under goes further miotic division and form number of spermatogonia, while 1- spermatogonia under gows growth phase.

  13. GROWTH PHASE : Now one spermatogonia, entering into growth phase, which push towards centre of lumen, where sertoli cells provides nourishment, nutrition and water gives to permatogonia, as a result of which spermatogonia will increase in their size in growth phase and termed as primary spermatocyte. And growth phase known as spermotocyto genesis. Growth phase is prepatory period, where cell prepare itself for further division and the cell which undergoes growth phase known as spermato genium. MATURATION PHASE : Now these primary spermatocyte undergoes meiotic cell division, where by the number of chronosmes in nucleus of each daughter cell becomes half that of present cell.

  14. First of all primary spermatocyte undergoes Meiosis 1st to form to haploid cells known as secondry spermatocyte. Now both secondry spermatocyte undergoes meiosis 2nd and form four haploid cells known as spermatids / spermatozoa At end of maturation phase each spermatids gets trandformed into SPERMS. And this process of formation of sperm from spermatids known as spermio gensis..

  15. Structure of sperm Spermatozoa is composed of a head & a tail. • HEAD :-Head is comprises the condensed nucleus of the cell with only thin cytoplasmic & cell membrane layer around its surface. On the outside of the anterior two third of the head is a thick cap called the acrosome . The head contain enzymes like HYALURONIDASE & proteolytic enzymes help sperm to enter the ovum & fertilize it .

  16. TAIL :- The tail of the sperm called the flagellum has three major component . A central skeleton constructed of 11 microtubules, collecting called the axoneme A thin cell membrane covering the axoneme Body of the tail. Back & forth movement of the tail provides motality for the sperm. The energy is supplied by mitocondria present intail.

  17. Hormonal factor that stimulate the spermatogenesis • Testosterone:-secreted by leydig cells helpful for growth & division of the testicular germinal cell. • L.H.:-secreted by anterior pitutary stimulates the leydig cell for the secretion of testosterone. • F.S.H.:-secreted by ant pitutary, stimulate sertoli cell for the conversion of spermatid into sperm. • .

  18. Estrogen :-formed from testosterone by the sertoli cell essential for spermatogenesis . • G.H.:-secreted by anterior pitutary, promotes spermatogenesis. • NORMAL COUNT OF SPERM:-100-150 million/mlof sperm

  19. Ducts in male reproductive system 1)Epididymis:-The epididymis is a comma shaped organ about 4cm long that lies along the posterior border of each testis. The epididymis have the head body & tail.

  20. Vas deferens or ductus deferens:-within the tail of the epididymis, the ducts epididymis becomes less convoluted & its diameter increases ,the ducts is known as ductus deferens. It is about 45cm long ascends along the posterior border of the epididymis the dilated terminal portion of the ductus deferens is known as ampulla of vas deferens.

  21. Spermatic cord:-The spermatic cord is a supporting structure of the male reproductive system that ascends out of the scrotum. It consist of – Ductus deferens Scrotum Testicular artery Autonomic nerves, veins that drains the testis V. Testosterone in circulation. Vi. Lymphatic in vessel & the cremaster muscles .

  22. Ejaculatory ducts:- • Each ejaculatory ducts is about 2cm long & is formed by the union of the duct from the seminal vesicle & the ampulla of ductus deferens

  23. 5) Urethra:-In males the urethra is the terminal duct of the reproductive & urinary system it serves as a passage way for both semen & urine. The urethra which is about 20cm long have three parts that pass through the prostrate the urogenital diaphragm & the penis .

  24. Accessory Sex Glands • Seminal vesicle:-Seminal vesicles are the paired glands situated behind urinary bladder the secretion from the seminal vesicles are added to semen in ampulla of vas deferens- PROPERTIES- The secretion from the seminal vesicle is mucoid & viscous in nature. It is neutral & slightly alkaline in reaction. It adds to the bulk of semen as it forms 60% of total seme prostaglandin, citric acid, citrate

  25. COMPOSITION-ascorbic acid fibrinogen, fructose, pepsinogen • FUNCTIONS- • Nutrition to sperms-the fructose & other nutritive substances from seminal vasicle are utilized by sperm after being ejaculated into female genital tract. • Clotting of semen-the fibrinogen from secretion of seminal vesicle is converted into the coagulated as soon as semen is ejaculated.

  26. On fertilization-The prostaglandin of seminal vesicle fluid inhances the fertilization of ovum.

  27. Prostate gland :- • STRUCTURE-Human prostate gland weights about 40 gram it consist of 20-30 separate gland which open separately into urethra. Prostate secrete prostatic fluid . • PROPERTIES-The secretion of prostate gland is a thin milky alkaline fluid, it forms 30 % of total semen .

  28. COMPOSITION-cholesterol, fibrinolysin, glucose, phospholipids, clotting enzyme, calcium,bi-corbonate, seminin, spermine, zinc. • FUNCTION- • Maintain sperm motality • Clotting of semen • Lysis of coagulum

  29. SEMEN • NATURE:-semen is a white or grey fluid that contain spermatozoa. It is an collection of fluids from testis, seminal vesicle, prostate gland, bulbouretral gland. Semen is discharged during sexual act & the process of discharge is called ejaculation. • PROPERTIES-specific gravity-1.028 volume- 2-6 ml/ejaculation pH- 7.5 Reaction- alkaline in nature

  30. COMPOSITION- testis contribute 10% of sperms & 90% of fluids. • NORMAL COUNT- • 100-150million/ml.

  31. MALE SEX HORMONE • TESTESTERONE:- testosterone is secreted by interstitial cells of leydig cells in the testis • FUNCTIONS OF TESTOSTERONE • Function during fetal life:-testosterone secreted by the genital ridges & later by the fetal testis is responsible for the development of the male body characteristics, including the formation of penis & scrotum rather than the formation of clitoris & vagina

  32. Effect of testosterone on development of adult primary & secondary sexual characters • Effect on the distribution of body hair. • Baldness . • Effect on the voice. • Testosterone increases thickness of the skin & can contribute to development of acne.

  33. Testosterone increases protein formation & muscle development. • Testosterone increases the basal metabolic rate. • Effect on red blood cells- increases the count 15-20%.

  34. INFERTILITY INTRODUCTION Decreased ability to produce the offspring is called infertility. Infertility occurs due to various factors such as immature reproductive system, defective reproductive system, endocrine disorders, etc.

  35. In males, infertility may occurs because of three reasons. 1.) Decreased sperm count : This is known as oligospermia. The normal sperm count in a male is about 100 to 150 millions/ml semen. The sperm count may decrease because the disruption of seminiferous tubles or acute infection in testis. In some males there is possibility of sterility because of absence of spermatogenesis due to cryptorchidism or underdeveloped testis.

  36. 2.Abnormal sperms : Sometimes, the sperm county may be a normal but the structure of the sperm becomes abnormal. The sperms may be without tail and nonmotile or with two heads or abnormal heads. Infertility occurs due to the production of large number of abnormal sperms. • 3.Obstruction of reproductive ducts: The obstruction of reproductive ducts like vas deferens may also lead to infertility.

  37. APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY

  38. ABNORMALITIES OF PROSTATE GLAND • FIBROADENOMA:-Frequently develops in the prostate in many older men & cause urinary obstruction. • CANCER:-cancer of the prostate gland does occur, the cancerous cells are usually stimulated to more rapid growth by testosterone & are inhibited by removal of both testis.

  39. HYPOGONADISIM IN MALE • If the person loses his testis before puberty than it cause infantile sex organs & other infantile sexual characteristics throughout life & cause following characters:- • The height of an adult is slightly greater than the normal person. Although the bones are quite thin & muscles are also weak. • The voice is child like.

  40. Sterility The total count of sperm is 100-150 million/ml of ejaculation. Sterility occurs when the sperm count falls below 20 million /ml.

  41. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

  42. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION PHYSIOLOGY SYSTEM OF THE BODY FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN SEXUAL LIFE IN FEMALE MENSTRUAL CYCLE OVULATION PREGNANCY PLACENTA PREGNANCY TEST MAMMARY GLANDS AND LACATION FERTILITY CONTROL APPLIED

  43. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN • Primary sex organ:- • Ovaries. 2)Accesory sex organ:- Fallopion tubes, Uterus, Cervix Vegina and Breast

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