Monday Week 9

Monday Week 9

Another religious revitalization movement in the northwest Focused around Jake Hunt (TitcamHashat) • Klickitat The Waptashi or feather religion Hunt received a religious vision while mourning the death of wife Saw Lishwailait, Klickitat Prophet Again focused on traditional dress and ideas Religion survives into the 20thc

Final religious conflict • Peyote • Peyote buttons, fruit of • Lophophorawilliamsi • Grows primarily in northern Mexico • Dried and chewed in religious rituals

Used by Apaches and others • In 1880s moved into the Indian territory • Religion based around Peyote grew • Again Christianity with Indian understanding • Quannah Parker • Credited with introducing many to church

Ceremonies often took place at night • Away from prying eyes • Indian Agents again tried to outlaw it • As did some Native Americans • Zitkal-Šu • Navajo Tribal Council banned it in 1940

I haven’t touched a drop of liquor for years . . . I have to thank the Indian movement for that, and Grandfather Peyote, and the pipe. • Mary Crow Dog • 1918 Native American Church Formally recognized in Oklahoma • Many years of legal battles over the use of Peyote • Made its way into popular culture

Exploiting the land and its resources • With allotment • theft of Native American land • Concurrent exploitation of resources • 2 day before leaving office President Theodore Roosevelt - 8 Ex orders • Put 2,500,000 acres of land into hands of the forest service • They issued contracts to Lumber companies

Oil and the Osage Osage made money from leasing their lands to cattle people Late 1800 oil was discovered on their land • Foster, Indian Territory Illuminating Oil Company (ITIO) Wasn’t until early 20th C that real exploitation began 40 wells completed by 1903 1904 pipeline constructed to the Standard Oil Refinery in Neodosho, Kansas Reduced transport costs by nearly 40 percent

Next year over 300 wells brought into production. Over next two decades Osages' "underground reservation" produced more wealth than all American gold rushes combined ITIO lost sole rights to drill in 1916 Public lease auctions began in 1916 record bid was $1,990,000 for a single, 160-acre tract

Osage retained collective ownership of subsurface mineral rights • Tribal members received "headrights“ • assured them equal share of mineral rights sales equivalent to income from 658 acres. • Headright could not be sold • Average Osage family of a husband, wife, and three children • $65,000 a year in 1926

1939 Osage individuals had received a total of more than $100 million in royalties and bonuses • William K. Hale • self-proclaimed "King of the Osage Hills” • mastermind of a plot to acquire Osage wealth through murder. • 1921 – 1924 • 24 Osage Murdered • FBI Brought in

Native Americans and Water As Americans expanded west water became an issue Miners and other claimed water rights as part of their stake Debate of water rights not settled until 1908 Winters v. United States • Supreme court Determined Indians living on reservations retained the right to water for farming and other business projects

State governments, settlers and water districts often ignored ruling • 1909 supreme court ruled federal treaties had guaranteed water rights to tribes • Still little respect • 1924 Secretary of Interior Hubert Work assigned • Porter Preston • Bureau of Reclamation • C.A. Eagle • Bureau of Indian Affairs • to investigate

Preston-Engle Irrigation Report made many recommendations Not until the 1950s that the 1908 Winters decision began to be taken seriously By this time many acre feet of water had been stolen from Rivers Allotment turned Native Americans in to farmers Ignoring Winters etc deprived them of a vital resource need to be farmers

Pueblo lands • During early 20th C many squatters on Indian land • Pueblo lands suffered like many • Various Pueblo communities attempted to evict squatters • State, county, and law enforcement ignored their request for helped

Congress reacted by proposing the Bursum Bill in 1922 Under the terms of the bill Pueblo communities had to prove ownership • reversal of normal legal procedure If pueblos could not prove ownership to the satisfaction of the government Real estate vested in non-Indians

Both President Harding and Secretary of the Interior Fall supported bill • Resistance came from both Indian and non-Indian sources • John Collier was the main figure from non-Indian society

With Collier’s help the bill was defeated Collier also brought other non-Indians into Indian reform • D.H. Lawrence • Zane Grey • Carl Sandburg And importantly General Federation of Women’s Clubs • National organization with many active members

Pueblo people traveled across the nation making their case Visited DC to talk to politicians Worked through the All-Pueblo Council 1st time all Pueblo’s had worked together since the Pueblo revolt in 1680 Led to New legislation that recognized Pueblo land titles Pueblo Land Board

End monday

Led to a new surge in Indian support • Columbus Day 1911 • Leaders from 18 nations met in Columbus Ohio • Formed Society of American Indians • Major figure in group was • Carlos Montezuma

Wassaja (Montezuma) born c. 1866 in Central Arizona • Yavapai Captured by Pima Indians in 1871 Sold to photographer named Carlos Gentile for $30 Given new name and Euro-American education • University of Illinois and Chicago Medical School Favored hard individualism and hard work

After visit to home reservation became strong advocate for the abolishment of BIA And taking pride in native ways Diagnosed with tuberculosis and returned to live on Yavapai reservation Died in 1923 One year before Government issued citizenship to all Native Americans

Native Americans and American Citizenship Certain Native Americans had been granted citizenship in 19th C 1901 citizenship awrded to all in Indian Territory 1906 Delayed by Burke Act Were not prepared so delayed 1916 citizenship for those who were living with Guardians 1919 all Native Americans who served in WWI gained citizenship

Many Native Americans fort in WWI • Native Americans have the highest record of service per capita of all the ethnic groups in America • 12,000 + in WWI • Used native speakers in communication department • Cherokee and Choctaw among others • Note code-talkers, just used their own language

1924 finally citizenship to all Native Americans Who “may receive the news of their new citizenship with wry smiles. The white race, having robbed them of a continent, and having sought to deprive them of freedom of action, freedom of social custom, and freedom of worship, now at last gives them the same legal basis as their conquerors” • New York Editorial July 7, 1924 Some states withheld state citizenship Last to grant citizenship Arizona and New Mexico 1948

Returning veterans also spurred on change Together with people like Collier and All-Pueblo Council and others 1923 Secretary of Interior asked the Committee of One Hundred To investigate BIA December 1923 report sent in Little impact but indicative of push for change

1926 Secretary of Interior Work Asked the Board of Indian Commissioners to investigate Board recommended that “non-government, disinterested organization with a field force of experts” Investigate condition of tribes controlled by BIA

W.F. Willoughby of Institute of Government Research to investigate • Received grant from John D. Rockefeller Jr. • Appointed Scholar Lewis Meriam to lead investigation • Led to • The Problem of Indian Administration • More often known as the Meriam Report of 1928