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THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM. Made up of glands release hormones into the bloodstream Hormones travel throughout the body and relay information Works with nervous system to control body Coordinated by the hypothalamus receives messages from internal organs

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THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

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  1. THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

  2. Made up of glands • release hormones into the bloodstream • Hormones travel throughout the body and relay information • Works with nervous system to control body • Coordinated by the hypothalamus • receives messages from internal organs • Stimulates pituitary gland when a change in homeostasis occurs

  3. Parts of the endocrine system 1. Pituitary gland – “master” endocrine gland 2. Hypothalamus 3. Pineal gland 4. Thyroid gland 5. Parathyroid gland 6. Adrenal gland 7. Pancreas 8. Ovaries or Testes

  4. Check your understanding… • Which part of your brain meshes your endocrine and nervous systems together? • Without looking at your notes, list as many parts of the endocrine system as you can

  5. Pituitary gland • Controls all the other glands • Secretes hormones (thyroid-stimulating hormone, anti-diuretic hormone, growth hormone, and more)

  6. Hypothalamus • Secretes hormones • controls pituitary gland

  7. Thyroid gland • Regulates metabolism and growth • Main hormone is thyroxine – contains iodine (think iodized salt) • Regulates Energy Use, Food Intake

  8. Pineal gland • In brain – “third eye” • Sensitive to light • Releases melatonin to make you sleepy

  9. Thyroid gland • Hypothyroidism: low thyroxin • Lower energy, weight gain

  10. Thyroid gland • Goiter: enlarged thyroid gland (low iodine)

  11. Parathyroid Gland Controls calcium levels in blood and bones Secretes Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

  12. Adrenal Gland • Produces adrenalin (epinephrine) and noradrenalin (norepinephrine) Fight-or-flight response • Increased… • heart rate and blood pressure • respiration rate • muscle efficiency • blood sugar levels • Also releases cortisol which wakes you up

  13. Pancreas Controls blood sugar levels - Insulin Also acts as a gland of the digestive system secreting digestive enzymes

  14. Reproductive glands • Gonads: ovaries and testes • Ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone • Sex characteristics • Breasts • Widening of hips • Soft skin • Pubic/underarm hair

  15. Reproductive glands • Testes produce androgens, including testosterone • Sex characteristics • facial, leg and body hair • Thicker skin • Large muscle mass • Growth of Larynx (deep voice)

  16. Tammy Thomas – Pro bike racer

  17. Check your understanding… • Which gland is your “master endocrine gland”? • Which glands sit on top of your kidneys and make adrenaline? • Which gland / hormone makes you get fatter as you age? • What hormones are secreted by YOUR gonads? • Which gland controls your blood sugar levels, and with what hormone?

  18. Negative feedback • An increase in something inhibits the process leading to the increase • Example: your grades • Your grades suck • Parents get on your case • You try harder at school • Your grades go up • Parents stop harping on you • You stop trying, grades go back down

  19. Video: negative and positive feedback loops • (first minute only)

  20. Negative feedback loopwater regulation • You work out and get thirsty • Hypothalamus senses you need water • Hypothalamus tells pituitary gland to release anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) • Causes body to conserve water • No longer thirsty (no more ADH) • What does a diuretic do?

  21. Negative feedback loopblood glucose • When you eat, blood glucose levels go up • Pancreas senses this and releases insulin • Insulin tells cells to take in glucose – so blood glucose levels drop

  22. Negative feedback loopblood glucose • When blood glucose drops… • Pancreas senses this and releases glucagon • Glucagontells liver to release glycogen (glucose)—so blood glucose levels rise • If you’re out of glycogen, hypothalamus stimulates your stomach and makes it growl

  23. Check your understanding… In your notebook, work with your partner to create your own example of a negative feedback loop. It does not have to be biological!

  24. endocrine disease Two types Type I – juvenile onset Type II – adult-onset

  25. Type I diabetes: “juvenile” • Pancreas doesn’t make insulin • Therefore cells can’t take in glucose • Glucose stays in blood—causes high blood sugar • Glucose appears in urine (not normally there) • Treatment • strict diet • insulin injections

  26. Type II diabetes: adult-onset • You eat WAY TOO MUCH sugar • Cells get overloaded with sugar • Cells shut down some insulin receptors, or receptors don’t work properly • Therefore cells no longer get enough glucose • Treatment - Diet

  27. Diabetes animation

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