Engineering Design Cycle

1. Engineering Design Cycle Sea Perch Institute: Mini Lecture #2 MIT Sea Grant – Sea Perch Institute Mini Lecture Kathryn Shroyer

2. What is Design? • Design: the process of formalizing an idea into tangible information, usually in the context of solving open ended challenges for specific situations and/or needs • Engineering Design: application of scientific concepts, mathematics, and creativity to envision a structure, a machine, system, or artifact that performs a pre-specified function MIT Sea Grant – Sea Perch Institute Mini Lecture Kathryn Shroyer

3. Design Process / Design Cycle • What is the Design Process?: an algorithm or series of steps that lead to the development of a new product or system • Who uses it: typically engineers and industrial designers – but great for anyone trying to create something / solve an open ended problem • What is the purpose: formula for thinking creatively about a problem and producing a successful result. MIT Sea Grant – Sea Perch Institute Mini Lecture Kathryn Shroyer

4. Design Process: Steps • 1) Identify Challenge: define problem or challenge • 2) Gather information: research topic and gather insight • 3) Ideate: generate and refine ideas • 4) Experiment: prototype and test ideas • 5) Evolution: evaluate and redesign MIT Sea Grant – Sea Perch Institute Mini Lecture Kathryn Shroyer

5. Design Process MIT Sea Grant – Sea Perch Institute Mini Lecture Kathryn Shroyer

6. Design Process: Example A ship has sunk in Boston Harbor, it may have been carrying dangerous cargo. Your team has been asked to mitigate this disaster. • 1) Identify Challenge: define problem or challenge • 2) Gather information: research topic and gather insight • 3) Ideate: generate and refine ideas • 4) Experiment: prototype and test ideas • 5) Evolve: evaluate and redesign MIT Sea Grant – Sea Perch Institute Mini Lecture Kathryn Shroyer

7. MIT Sea Grant – Sea Perch Institute Mini Lecture Kathryn Shroyer Ideation

8. Ideation • What is ideation? (idea generation) is the creative process of generating, developing, and communicating new ideas • Goal of this step: • generate ideas • refine ideas MIT Sea Grant – Sea Perch Institute Mini Lecture Kathryn Shroyer

9. Idea Generation: The Process • Materials: pens, markers, paper, whiteboards, objects for inspiration, etc. • Personnel: • Moderator: will help present ideas, enforce rules and keep participants on track • Participants: will generate ideas either individually or as a group MIT Sea Grant – Sea Perch Institute Mini Lecture Kathryn Shroyer

10. Idea Generation: Background • Brainstorming: coined by Alex Osborn (1939) as method of creative problem solving. • Rules • Focus on quantity • Withhold criticism • Welcome unusual ideas • Combine and improve ideas MIT Sea Grant – Sea Perch Institute Mini Lecture Kathryn Shroyer

11. Ideas per Minute (per Person) Quantity not quality!!!!!! Aim for >1.0 ipm (pp) MIT Sea Grant – Sea Perch Institute Mini Lecture Kathryn Shroyer

12. Idea Sketching • Quick and clear • Draw BIG • Label • Brief Pitch MIT Sea Grant – Sea Perch Institute Mini Lecture Kathryn Shroyer

13. MIT Sea Grant – Sea Perch Institute Mini Lecture Kathryn Shroyer STEP 1: Idea Generation

14. Idea Generation • Idea Generation Techniques • Brainstorming • Brainwriting • Mindmaping • SCAMPER • Reversal MIT Sea Grant – Sea Perch Institute Mini Lecture Kathryn Shroyer

15. Brainstorming • How it works: enables people to use each other's ideas to trigger their own thinking. • Process: • Define Problems: moderator writes problem statement on board and reads it to the participants • Generate Ideas: individuals generate ideas and announce them out loud as they come (these can be accompanied by pictorial representations) • Share Ideas: moderator writes ideas on the board or posts drawings on the board as they are announced • Repeat: ideas are generated and shared until a specific criteria is reached (time limit, number of ideas, etc.) MIT Sea Grant – Sea Perch Institute Mini Lecture Kathryn Shroyer

16. Brainstorming: Example • Problem: How to reduce road accidents • Jim: Less cars • Joan: Less people • Jill: Teach people to be careful • Jack: Teach drivers to be careful • Jim: Make drivers more careful • Jill: Put dead people in the road • Jennifer: Put policemen at every junction • Jack: Put cameras at every junction • Joan: Put cameras in every car MIT Sea Grant – Sea Perch Institute Mini Lecture Kathryn Shroyer

17. Brainstorming: Practice • (verbal) What are the challenges of marine vehicles fabrication and use? • (pictorial) How do I pick up something on the bottom of the ocean? MIT Sea Grant – Sea Perch Institute Mini Lecture Kathryn Shroyer

18. Brainwriting: • How it works: enables people who are concerned about publicly voicing ideas to do so anonymously. Like brainstorming allows ideas to trigger new ones. • Process: • Define individual problems: each participant receives or writes a problem on a sheet of paper • Generate Ideas: Each participant generates ideas and writes them on that sheet • Pass Sheet Along: after a specified time or number of ideas the paper is passed on to another participant who then reads the problem and ideas and contributes their own • Repeat: repeat until finished (specified time, certain number of ideas, once around the classroom, etc.) MIT Sea Grant – Sea Perch Institute Mini Lecture Kathryn Shroyer

19. Brainwriting: Practice • Write down a specific challenge or problem you encounter in the classroom (preferably specific to hands on or open ended activities). MIT Sea Grant – Sea Perch Institute Mini Lecture Kathryn Shroyer

20. Mind Map / Association Map • How it works: organizes ideas into a hierarchy helping show how ideas are connected and allowing the ability to work from a broad prompt to small details. • Process: • Main subject: identify the main topic or problem and write it in the center of the board • Primary-branches: Identify words to describe first-level branches from the main subject. Write these around the main subject and draw lines connecting them to the main subject. • Sub-branches: focus on primary branches and identify words to describe aspects of these branches. Write these around the primary branches and draw lines connecting them to the main subject. • Repeat: continues working to more and more detailed branches until finished (specified time, certain number of ideas, once around the classroom, etc.) MIT Sea Grant – Sea Perch Institute Mini Lecture Kathryn Shroyer

21. Mind Map: Example • subject: underwater vehicle ballast motor flotation rpm buoyancy thrust material propeller battery Underwater Vehicle pitch electricity frame diameter control sensors waterproof Onboard vs. tethered human autonomous MIT Sea Grant – Sea Perch Institute Mini Lecture Kathryn Shroyer

22. Mind Map: Practice • Subject: mitigation of an underwater oil spill MIT Sea Grant – Sea Perch Institute Mini Lecture Kathryn Shroyer

23. SCAMPER • How it works: list of words that help you think differently about the problem. Useful when you seem to have run out of ideas with other techniques. • Process: • Substitute: What can you substitute? Instead of ___ I can__ • Combine: What can you bring together? Combine purposes, combine materials, combine ideas…. • Adapt: What can you adapt to use for a solution? What could I copy, who could I emulate? • Modify/Magnify/Minimize: Can you change the item in some way? Change meaning, color, motion, sound, smell, form, shape, magnify, minimize? • Put to other uses: How can you put the thing to different or other uses? I can re-use ... in this way ...  by … • Eliminate: What can you eliminate? Eliminate waste? Reduce time? Reduce effort? Cut costs? • Reverse/Rearrange: What can be rearranged in some way? Other layout? Other sequence? Transpose cause and effect? Change pace? Change schedule? MIT Sea Grant – Sea Perch Institute Mini Lecture Kathryn Shroyer

24. SCAMPER: Example • Substitute – vegetarian hotdogs • Combine – musical greeting cards • Adapt – snow tires • Modify – scented crayons • Magnify- super sized french fries • Minimize – bite sized candy • Put to other uses – coffee can as pencil holder • Eliminate – wireless mouse • Reverse – reversible clothing • Rearrange – vertical stapler MIT Sea Grant – Sea Perch Institute Mini Lecture Kathryn Shroyer

25. SCAMPER - Substitute current tow gravity sail ballast motor flotation rpm buoyancy movement thrust material Ocean waves propeller battery Underwater Vehicle pitch Power Electricity frame solar diameter wind control sensors waterproof Onboard vs. tethered human autonomous MIT Sea Grant – Sea Perch Institute Mini Lecture Kathryn Shroyer

26. SCAMPER - Combine ballast motor flotation rpm buoyancy thrust material Ocean waves propeller Solar or wind charged battery battery battery Underwater Vehicle pitch Power frame solar diameter wind control sensors waterproof Semi autonomous Onboard vs. tethered human autonomous MIT Sea Grant – Sea Perch Institute Mini Lecture Kathryn Shroyer

27. SCAMPER: Practice • Idea: Sea Perch ROV • Substitute • Combine • Adapt • Modify • Magnify • Minimize • Put to other uses • Eliminate • Reverse • Rearrange MIT Sea Grant – Sea Perch Institute Mini Lecture Kathryn Shroyer

28. Reversal • How it works: allow you to identify new ideas by changing your view of the problem or challenge. • Process: • Identify Challenge: identify the challenge or a specific element you wish to focus on. • Reversal: Reverse the challenge or element by thinking of how to solve the opposite problem. • Generate Ideas: use brainstorming or other ideation techniques to generate ideas for this new situation MIT Sea Grant – Sea Perch Institute Mini Lecture Kathryn Shroyer

29. Reversal: Example • Problem: Mitigate an underwater oil spill • Reversal: cause an underwater oil spill MIT Sea Grant – Sea Perch Institute Mini Lecture Kathryn Shroyer

30. MIT Sea Grant – Sea Perch Institute Mini Lecture Kathryn Shroyer SteP 2: Refining Ideas

31. Refining Ideas • Idea Refining Techniques • Sticky note method • Pugh chart MIT Sea Grant – Sea Perch Institute Mini Lecture Kathryn Shroyer

32. Sticky Note Selection • How it works: allows you to move from having many ideas to a few you can evaluate • Process • Each group member gets 3 sticky notes • Without discussion each member places their sticky notes on the three ideas they like best / think will be most successful MIT Sea Grant – Sea Perch Institute Mini Lecture Kathryn Shroyer

33. Pugh Chart • How it works: allows you to identify and asses ideas based on measurable criteria. • Process: • Chose Criteria: criteria are chosen that are determined as important in developing the solution (time, cost, complexity, tools needed, materials, aesthetics, etc.) • Draw Grid: columns are made for each idea, rows are made for each criteria. • Bench Mark: Pick one idea as bench mark and mark S in that column. • Compare: compare each idea to one the chosen benchmark and determine if it is less than (-) or greater than (+) the benchmark in each criteria. MIT Sea Grant – Sea Perch Institute Mini Lecture Kathryn Shroyer

34. Pugh Cart: Example Baseline MIT Sea Grant – Sea Perch Institute Mini Lecture Kathryn Shroyer