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Mike5/papers/presentations non ref/2002/Harvard 5/13/2002

Nsstc.uah.edu/atmchem. Tropical Tropospheric Ozone from TOMS, Sondes, GOME, and Models: How well do we understand?. Presented at. Harvard University May 17, 2002. Mike Newchurc h mike@nsstc.uah.edu Xiong Liu Da Sun Mohammed Ayoub University of Alabama in Huntsville Randall Martin

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Mike5/papers/presentations non ref/2002/Harvard 5/13/2002

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  1. Nsstc.uah.edu/atmchem Tropical Tropospheric Ozone from TOMS, Sondes, GOME, and Models: How well do we understand? Presented at Harvard University May 17, 2002 Mike Newchurch mike@nsstc.uah.edu Xiong Liu Da Sun Mohammed Ayoub University of Alabama in Huntsville Randall Martin Harvard University Jae Kim Pusan University, S. Korea 1 Mike5/papers/presentations non ref/2002/Harvard 5/13/2002

  2. TOR Technique Tropospheric ozone the difference of TOMS total ozone and monthly averaged SAGE integrated stratospheric ozone. Fishman and Larsen, 1987.

  3. CCD Technique (1) The high-reflectivity (R >0.9) cloud tops over the Pacific region usually lie near the tropopause. (2) Zonal (i.e., west to east) variability of stratospheric column ozone is negligible. ( (3) Stratospheric column ozone (as a function of latitude and time) is derived by averaging above-cloud column ozone amounts over the Pacific.

  4. Modified-Residual Technique Hudson and Thompson, 1998 http://metosrv2.umd.edu/~tropo

  5. CCP Technique (1) Zonal wave structure of stratospheric ozone (2) R> 80%. (3) THIR-derived cloud- top pressure <200 mb (after adjustment). (4) if no THIR, Low-pass filter is applied to filter low-altitude clouds Newchurch et al., 2001

  6. SAGE+CCP Method • The method is the same to CCP technique, except that SAGE measurements are recognized as high-altitude cloudy points defined in CCP. • The significant influence is the area with low occurrence frequency of high-altitude cloud, such as in the Atlantic Ocean and east Pacific Ocean.

  7. Scan-angle Technique (1) This is the normalized difference of TORE between that at nadir and high-scan positions as a function of altitude (2) The average kernel shows a broad response with its peak centered at 5-km altitude, suggesting that the diff of retrieved total ozone btw nadir and high scan angle can be used to derive trop ozone. Kim et al., JAS, 2001

  8. Other TOMS methods not studied here • TOMS-MLS [Froidevaux, Chandra, Ziemke. • TOMS-SBUV [Fishman and Balok, 1999]. • Direct Fitting [Hudson and Frolov, in prep, 2002]. • Cloud Slicing [Ziemke et al, 2001]. • Topographic Contrast [Jiang and Yung, 1996; Kim and Newchurch, 1996; Kim and Newchurch 1998; Newchurch et al, 2001].

  9. Potential Ozone Retrieval Errors Associated with CloudsNewchurch et al., 2001

  10. In-CloudOzone Absorption Enhancement 1. Original (20.8 DU) 2. Well-mixed (20.8 DU) 3. Homogeneous (20.8 DU) 4. Linearly increasing (20.8 DU) 5. Linearly decreasing (20.8 DU) 6. Upper 2 km (4.2 DU) 7. Lower 2 km (4.2 DU) ICOAEN is very dependent on ozone distribution in clouds. Ozone distributed in the upper part of cloud usually contributes more to ozone absorption in clouds.

  11. Radiative Transfer Errors Table 1. Error Analysis in the Clear/Cloudy differences. Data used in this analysis include TOMS L2 data in 1980 and 1999, adjusted THIR in 1980, SHADOZ data in 1998-2000, Trace-A measurements at Brazzaville, Congo in 1990-1992. The “true” tropospheric ozone results after correcting all the cloud-height related errors, ozone retrieval efficiency, calibration error, and ozone enhancement in clouds and unknown errors [Newchurch et al, 2001b]. * The assignment of calibration error to N7 only is based on cloud/clear total ozone difference. However, the total error in the derived tropospheric ozone will not change with this assignment. ** The errors are calculated for 1980 N7 TOMS data using the adjusted THIR data but are assumed the same in EP TOMS data. *** Error due to retrieval efficiency are calculated using TOMRAD and TOMSV7 algorithm with the SHADOZ and TRACE-A measurements as reference profiles. **** These errors are the remaining errors unexplained in the cloudy/clear total ozone difference.

  12. Tropospheric ozone from six satellite-based methods in Sep 1997 Surface/Boundary-Layer/Free

  13. Average Range of TTO from Six Methods Surface/Boundary-Layer/Free

  14. Mean Square Difference of CCD-MR Tropospheric OzoneBoth assume flat stratosphere. Surface/Boundary-Layer/Free

  15. Mean Square Difference of CCP-CCD Tropospheric Ozone

  16. Adjustment to Ozonesonde data using SAGE stratospheric ozone Surface/Boundary-Layer/Free The difference between SHADOZ sonde total ozone and collated TOMS total ozone is ~2-10% in total ozone, varying with station. Left figure shows the scatter plot of TOMS total ozone and sonde total ozone without adjustment. Right figure show the same figure but the sonde total ozone is adjusted by the ratio of SAGE and sonde stratospheric ozone.

  17. Time series of 6 Methods and sondes Surface/Boundary-Layer/Free Time series of the six indicated TOMS derivation methods compared to the ozonesonde observations at four SHADOZ sites.

  18. Envelope of the 6 Methods and Sondes Surface/Boundary-Layer/Free Max and Min curves of the six indicated TOMS derivation methods compared to the ozonesonde observations at four SHADOZ sites

  19. The Average Differences (SONDE - METHOD)  1 Standard Deviation and Standard Error of the Mean

  20. Scatter plots of 6 Methods and Ascension Island Sondes (1998-2000) Blue #: slopeYellow #: offsetGreen #: correlation Coeff

  21. Scatter plots of 6 Methods and San Cristobal Sondes (1998-2000) Blue #: slopeYellow #: offsetGreen #: correlation Coeff

  22. Comparison with MOZAIC Ozone Measurements MOZAIC ozone column at December 1987 and January 1991 are showed.The maximum flight height is at least 8Km.MOZAIC displays significantly more spatial sturcture than the monthly averaged TOMS CCP results.

  23. Comparison to GOME Tropospheric ozone

  24. GOME Tropospheric ozone in 1997 from RAL

  25. Model Output of Tropospheric Ozone Monthly tropical tropospheric ozone from GEOS-CHEM over Dec 1996-Nov 1997. (Lighting NOx = 3 TgN/y)

  26. Model Output of Tropospheric Ozone Monthly tropical tropospheric ozone from GEOS-CHEM over Dec 1996-Nov 1997. (Lighting NOx = 0 TgN/y)

  27. Model Output of Tropospheric Ozone Monthly tropical tropospheric ozone from GEOS-CHEM over Dec 1996-Nov 1997.(Lighting NOx = 6TgN/y)

  28. Comparison of TOMS-based Methods and Model Output The difference between monthly CCP and GEOS-CHEM (CCP - GEOS-CHEM: NOx=3Tg) tropospheric ozone in December 1996 – November 1997.

  29. Comparison of TOMS-based Methods and Model Output The difference between monthly CCP and GEOS-CHEM (CCP - GEOS-CHEM: NOx=6Tg) tropospheric ozone in December 1996 – November 1997.

  30. Seasonal Tropospheric Ozone Model Calculation Marufu, L., F. Dentener, J. Lelieveld, M.O. Andreae, and G. Helas, Photochemistry of the African troposphere: Influence of biomass-burning emissions, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 14,513-14,530, 2000.

  31. Comparison with Ozonesonde Measurements Monthly mean of ozonesonde observations at eight SHADOZ sites and model output from GEOS-CHEM (3 (blue) and 6(black) Tg NOx) and sonde (red)

  32. “Tropical Atlantic Paradox” [Thomson 2000] TTO Climatology from CCP (1979-2000)Peak is at Sep-Oct Fire counts peak in 2000: North Africa: DJFSouth Africa and South America: JJA

  33. Average Tropospheric Ozone at DJF for Six Methods

  34. Controlling Processes for “Tropical Atlantic Paradox” • - Biomass Burning ozone precursors • Lightning NOx production • Dynamics: • Wind fields • - Stratospheric Ozone intrusion into tropospheric ozone • - Cross-equatorial transport of extra-tropical ozone

  35. Theoretical Basis for Taylor Diagrams Geometric relationship between the correlation coefficient R, the centered pattern RMS error E', and the standard deviations f and r of the test and reference fields, respectively [Taylor, 2001].

  36. 6 Methods compared to Ascension Sondes Green circle is Ascension Sonde reference point. Concentric Blue arcs measure distance from TOMS method to sonde reference. 1: CCP 2: CCD 3: TOR 4: SAGECCP 5: MR 6: SCAN

  37. 6 Methods compared to GEOS-CHEM in Central Pacific

  38. 6 Methods compared to GEOS-CHEM in North Africa SAGE+CCP Method

  39. 6 Methods compared to GEOS-CHEM in South Atlantic

  40. Conclusions • The range of TOMS-derived tropical tropospheric ozone (TTO) values exceeds 50% of the climatology in a significant fraction of seasons and locations. Significant spatial and temporal structure appears in the resulting ozone differences of techniques. This range, however, brackets the ozonesonde TTO values. • Although the average bias TOMS/Sonde bias is < 5%, the slopes and correlations vary considerably from method to method and station to station. Taylor diagrams quantify the agreement between methods, sondes, and model. • Radiative transfer simplifications induce potential errors in TOMS ozone columns over clouds on the order of 10 DU, which represents ~30% of the TTO. • Model/TOMS differences exceed 20 DU (~<1/2 the TTO). • All methods, except the scan-angle, differ with the model (and GOME) in wintertime N. Africa burning season (The N. Atlantic Paradox).

  41. References Fishman, J., and A.E. Balok, Calculation of daily tropospheric ozone residuals using TOMS and empirically improved SBUV measurements: Application to an ozone pollution episode over the eastern United States, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 30,319-30,340, 1999. Fishman, J., and V.G. Brackett, The climatological distribution of tropospheric ozone derived from satellite measurements using version 7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer and Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment data sets, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 19,275-19,278, 1997. Fishman, J., V.G. Brackett, E.V. Browell, and W.B. Grant, Tropospheric ozone derived from TOMS/SBUV measurements during TRACE A, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 24,069-24,069, 1996. Fishman, J., and J.C. Larsen, Distribution of total ozone and stratospheric ozone in the tropics: Implications for the distribution of tropospheric ozone, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 6627-6634, 1987. Hauglustaine, D., L. Emmons, M. Newchurch, G. Brasseur, T. Takao, K. Matsubara, J. Johnson, B. Ridley, J. Stith, and J. Dye, On the Role of Lightning NOx in the Formation of Tropospheric Ozone Plumes: A Global Model Perspective, J. Atmos. Chem., 38, 277-294, 2001.

  42. References Hudson, R.D., and A.M. Thompson, Tropical tropospheric ozone from Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer by a modified residual method, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 22,129-22,145, 1998. Jiang, Y., and Y.L. Yung, Concentrations of tropospheric ozone from 1979 to1992 over tropical Pacific South America from TOMS data, Science, 272, 714-716, 1996. Kim, J.H., and M.J. Newchurch, Climatology and trends of tropospheric ozone over the eastern Pacific Ocean: The influences of biomass burning and tropospheric dynamics, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 3723-3726, 1996. Kim, J.H., and M.J. Newchurch, Biomass-burning influence on tropospheric ozone over New Guinea and South America, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 1455-1461, 1998. Kim, J.H., M.J. Newchurch, and K. Han, Distribution of Tropical Tropospheric Ozone determined by the scan-angle method applied to TOMS measurements, J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 2699-2708, 2001. Newchurch, M.J., X. Liu, and J.H. Kim, Lower Tropospheric Ozone (LTO) derived from TOMS near mountainous regions, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 20,403-20,412, 2001a.

  43. References Newchurch, M.J., X. Liu, J.H. Kim, and P.K. Bhartia, On the accuracy of TOMS retrievals over cloudy regions, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 32,315-32,326, 2001b. Newchurch, M.J., D. Sun, and J.H. Kim, Zonal wave-1 structure in TOMS tropical stratospheric ozone, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 3151-3154, 2001c. Newchurch, M. J., D. Sun, and J. H. Kim, Tropical tropospheric ozone derived using Clear-Cloudy Pairs (CCP) of TOMS measurements, submitted to J. Atmos. Sci., 2001d. Taylor, K.E., Summarizing multiple aspects of model performance in a single diagram, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 7183-7192, 2001. Ziemke, J.R., and S. Chandra, Seasonal and interannual variabilities in tropical tropospheric ozone, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 21,425-21,442, 1999. Ziemke, J.R., S. Chandra, and P.K. Bhartia, Two new methods for deriving tropospheric column ozone from TOMS measurements: Assimilated UARS MLS/HALOE and convective-cloud differential techniques, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 22,115-22,127, 1998.

  44. References Ziemke, J.R., S. Chandra, and P.K. Bhartia, A new NASA data product: Tropospheric and stratospheric column ozone in the tropics derived from TOMS measurements, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 81, 580-583, 2000. Ziemke, J.R., S. Chandra, and P.K. Bhartia, "Cloud slicing": A new technique to derive upper tropospheric ozone from satellite measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 9853-9867, 2001. Ziemke, J.R., S. Chandra, A.M. Thompson, and D.P. McNamara, Zonal asymmetries in southern hemisphere column ozone: Implications of biomass burning, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 14,421-14,427, 1996.

  45. Table. The Average Differences in (CCP - SHADOZ)  1 Standard Deviation (sd). The Adjusted Differences Resulted from Accounting for the TOMS Tropospheric Retrieval Efficiency by Using the Sonde Tropospheric Ozone Measurements.

  46. Nsstc.uah.edu/atmchem Regional Atmospheric Profiling Center for Discovery RAPCD Presented at Harvard Unversity May 17, 2000 Mike Newchurch mike@nsstc.uah.edu Maurice Jarzembski, Bill Lapenta Mohammed Ayoub, Arastoo Biazar, David NASA/MSFC/SD Bowdle, Sundar Christopher, Kirk Fuller, Noor Gillani, Quingyuah Han, Kevin Knupp, Xiong Liu, P K Bhartia, Tom McGee John Burris Dick McNider, Da Sun GSFC/Laboratory for Atmospheres Atmospheric Science Department Earth System Science Center Mike Hardesty/NOAA/ETL Jack Fix Collage of Science University of Alabama in Huntsville Vandana Srivastava/USRA 1 Mike3/papers/tropoz/aguf98 12/2/98 16:30

  47. The RAPCD Vertical DistributionScience Questions Surface/Boundary-Layer/Free Troposphere/UT/LS Exchange 1. Can we accurately predict surface ozone and aerosol concentrations? 2. What are the vertical and long-range transport processes affecting local air quality? 3. Can we accurately calculate the power plant plume effect on air quality? 4. How are cloud processes, including lightning, different from clear-air processes for chemical effects? 5. What are the mechanisms responsible for nocturnal jet transport of Gulf-H2O-initiatiated convection? 6. What is the diurnal behavior of the boundary layer in the Tennessee valley?

  48. The RAPCD AerosolScience Questions Aerosol Optics and microphysics 1. What role does heterogeneous chemistry play in air quality? 2. What are the composition and optical properties of aerosols? 3. What is the effect of water uptake? 4. What is information content of RS measurements of aerosols? 5. What is the character of complex aerosols (organics, dust, soil, mixes)? 6. What are the roles of Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (BVOC) in ozone and aerosol production? 7. Cross-disciplinary studies: Biohazards, protemics, protonics.

  49. The RAPCD Satellite Calibration/ValidationScience Questions EOS Satellite calibration and validation 1. Provide ozone and aerosol profiles for cal/val of AIRS, TES, OMI, QuikTOMS, SAGE III, MLS, PICASSO-CENA, GOME, MISR. 2. What is the climatology and variability of the 3-D aerosol and ozone (and water vapor?) fields? 3. Validation of new Remote Sensing technology

  50. Boundary-layer Ozone and Aerosols Banta, R.M. et al., Daytime buildup and nighttime transport of urban ozone in the boundary layer during a stagnation episode, Journal of Geophysical Research, 17, 22,519-22,544, 1998. Vertical cross sections of O3 concentration and aerosol backscatter for the NW-SE flight legs passing over Nashville for the afternoon flights on July 12.

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