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Approach to the newborn with thrombocytopenia

This article discusses the definition, causes, and management of thrombocytopenia in newborns, including neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia. It also covers the assessment and differential diagnosis of thrombocytopenia in newborns, as well as common and less common causes of the condition. The article concludes with recommendations for the initial assessment and management of thrombocytopenia in newborns.

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Approach to the newborn with thrombocytopenia

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  1. Approach to the newborn with thrombocytopenia Dr. Lourdes Asiain Nov 2004

  2. Objectives • Define mild, moderate and severe thrombocytopenia • List most common causes for the condition • List dysmorphic features assoc with Thrombocytopenia • Description and management of neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia

  3. Thrombocytopenia: Definition

  4. Thrombocytopenia: Epidemiology • Up to 25 % of infants admitted to NICU have the condition. • Mild asymptomatic thrombocytopenia occurs in 1% healthy term infants • Severe thrombocytopenia in term infants rare

  5. Thrombocytopenia Impaired Megakaryopoiesis Increased platelet consumption Thrombocytopenia

  6. Thrombocytopenia: assesment • Term or preterm? • Other medical conditions • Are there features suggestive of congenital infection? • Congenital anomalies/dysmorphism

  7. Differential Diagnosis • Sick Neonates, Preterm infants, other medical complications. • Hypoxia and acidosis after birth • Chronic hypoxia from placental insufficiency • Hypothermia • Pre-eclampsia • Sepsis • Congenital viral infections (CMV, rubella) • DIC • NEC • Thrombosis • Exchange transfusions

  8. Differential diagnosis • Neonates with physical abnormalities/dysmorphism • Thrombocytopenia with absent radius Synd • Fanconi anemia • Chromosomal disorders (13,18,21, Turner) • Kasabach-Merritt Syndrome

  9. Differential diagnosis • Healthy-appearing infant • Occult infection • Maternal autoimmune thrombocytopenia • Neonatal alloimmun thrombocytopeni • Amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia • Hereditary macrothrombocytopenia • Wiskott-Aldrich Sydrome

  10. Common causes • Pre-eclampsia • Magnitude usually correlates with severity of HTN • Often have associated neutropenia • Nadir at 3-4 days of life, recovering to normal levels by day 7-10 • Rarely severe thrombocytopenia • Possible etiology is disruption of hematopoietic progenitor cell commitment to megakaryopoiesis • Assoc conditions from prematurity may exacerbate condition

  11. Common causes • Bacterial Sepsis • Several mechanisms that include endothelial damage, immune mediated destruction, platelet aggregation and decreased platelet production.

  12. Common causes • Viral infections • Viral neuraminidase causes sialic acid loss from platelet membranes • Intravascular platelet aggregation • Congenital infections + Splenomegaly

  13. Assoc with Physical abnormalities or dysmorphism • TAR Syndrome • Autosomic recessive • Severe thrombocytopenia and skeletal abnormalities • Can be associated with congenital heart disease • Platelet nadir during first week generally improve by 1-3 years of age.

  14. TAR Syndrome

  15. Anomalies/Dysmorphism • Fanconi anemia • Aplastic anemia • Thumb anomalies • Anomalies of GU system

  16. Abnormalities/Dysmorphism • Kasabach-Merrit Syndrome • Hemangioma • Coagulation is activated locally and platelets are sequestered in the vascular malformation • May not be apparent

  17. Maternal autoimmune Thrombocytopenia • ITP, autoimmune diseases • Maternal antibodies vs. platelet antigens • Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa and Ib/IX • Antibodies cross placenta and bind to these antigens on fetal platelets. • Determine the mother’s platelet count

  18. Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia • A mother lacks a platelet antogen that her fetus inherited from father. • Maternal IgG vs “foreign” antigen on fetal platelets cross the placenta and destroy them. • Most common platelet antigen HPA-1a

  19. Management of immune mediated Thrombocytopenia • IVIG • In cases of severe thrombocytopenia or clinical bleeding • 1gram/Kg • In cases of NAIT Head US and platelet transfusion with platelets that are free on HPA1 antigen.

  20. Less common etiologies • Congenital amegakarocitic thrombocytopenia (AR) • Heredetary macrothrmbocytopenias (AD) • Wiskott Aldrich Syndrome (WAS protein X) • Immunedefiency • Eczema • Thrombocytopenia

  21. Conclusions • Thrombocytopenia is often encountered in newborns, specially sick preterm infants • Initial assessment should consider gestational age, co-morbid conditions, congenital-physical anomalies and dysmorphism.

  22. Thank You • References • NeoReviews.org: Approach to the Newborn who has thrombocytopenia. Vol.5 2004 • Curr opinion Obst Gynecol: Platelet disorders in pregnancy. 2001;13:115-119 • Avery’s Diseases of the Newborn. Taesch et Ballard.

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