Chapter 2

1. Chapter 2 ETHICS FOR IT WORKERS AND IT USERS

2. IT PROFESSIONALS A profession is a calling that requires specialized knowledge and often long and intensive academic preparation. The U.S. Code of Federal Regulations defines a person “employed in a professional capacity” as one who meets these four criteria:

3. One’s primary duties consist of the performance of work requiring knowledge of advanced type in a field of science or learning customarily acquired by a prolonged course of specialized intellectual instruction and study or work. • One’s instruction, study, or work is original and creative in character in a recognized field of artistic endeavor, the result of which depends primarily on the invention, imagination, or talent of the employee.

4. One’s work requires the consistent exercise of discretion and judgment in its performance. • One’s work is predominantly and varied in character, and the output or result cannot be standardized in relation to a given period of time. Example doctors, lawyers, accountants

5. A professional is expected to contribute to society, to participate in a life long training program, to keep abreast of developments in the field, and to help develop others professionals • From a legal standpoint, a professional has passed the state licensing requirements and earned the right to practice here • many professional roles carry special right and responsibilities

6. ARE IT WORKERS PROFESSIONALS? Many business workers have duties, background and training that qualify them to be classified as professionals, including Marketing analyst, financial consultants, and IT specialists. It specialists includes programmers, system analysts, software engineers, database administrators, Local area network (LAN) administrators, and chief information officers (CIOs).

7. From a legal perspective, IT workers are not recognized as professionals because they are not licensed by the state or federal government. Example malpractice lawsuits – IT workers are not liable for malpractice because they do not meet the legal definition of professional

8. THE CHANGING PROFESSIONAL SERVICES INDUSTRY It workers are considered part of the professional services industry, which is experiencing immense changes that impact how members of this industry must think and behave to be successful. Ross Dawson, author and CEO of the consulting firm Advanced Human Technology, identifies seven forces that are changing the nature of professional services.

9. Client Sophistication • Governance • Connectivity • Transparency • Modularization • Globalization • Commoditization

10. Client Sophistication - Clients are more aware of what they need from service providers, more willing to look outside their own organization to get the best possible services, and better able to drive a hard bargain to get the best possible service at the lowest possible cost. Governance - More scandals and tougher laws enacted to avoid future scandals have created an environment in which there is less trust and more oversight in client-service provider reationships.

11. Connectivity - Clients and service providers have built their working relationships on the expectation that they can communicate easily and instantly around the globe through electronic teleconferences, audio conferences, e-mail, and wireless devices. Transparency - Clients expect to be able to see work-in-progress in real time, and they expect to be able to influence that work. No longer are clients willing to wait until end product is complete before they weigh in with comments and feedback.

12. Modularization - Clients are able to break down their business processes into the fundamental steps and decide which they will perform themselves and which they will outsource to service providers. Globalization - Clients are able to evaluate and choose among service providers around the globe, making the service provider industry extremely competitive.

13. Commoditization - Clients look at the delivery of low-end services as a commodity service for which price is the primary criteria for choosing a service provider. For the delivery of high-end services, clients seek to form a partnership with their service providers.

14. PROFESSIONAL RELATIONSHIPS THAT MUST BE MANAGED • Relationship Between IT Workers and Employers • Relationship Between IT Workers and Clients • Relationship Between IT Workers and Suppliers • Relationship Between IT Workers and Other Professionals • Relationship Between IT Workers and IT Users • Relationship Between IT Workers and Society

15. Relationship between IT Workers and Employers IT workers and employers have a critical, multifaceted relationship that requires ongoing effort by both parties to keep it strong. IT worker and an employer typically agree on fundamental aspects of the relationship before the worker accepts an employment offer. Job title, general performance expectations, specific work responsibilities, drug-testing requirements, dress code, location of employment, salary, work hours, and company benefits.

16. Relationship between IT Workers and Employers Many other issues are addressed in the company’s policy and procedure manual or in the company’s code of conduct if exists. Example protection of company secrets, vacation policy, time off for a funeral, an illness in the family, use of company resources Some aspects are addressed by law – for example, an employee cannot be required to do something illegal, such as falsify the results of a quality assurance test.

17. Relationship between IT Workers and Employers Some aspects are specific to the role of IT worker and are established based on the nature of the work or project – for example, the programming language to be used, the type and amount of documentation to produced, and the extent of testing to be conducted. IT workers must set an example and enforced policies regarding the ethical use of IT. IT workers have the skills and knowledge to abuse systems and data or to allow others to do so. Example Software piracy – laws and policies.

18. Relationship between IT Workers and Employers The Business Software Alliance (BSA) is a trade group that represents the world’s largest software and hardware manufacturers. It mission is to stop the unauthorized copying of software produce by its members. “Know It, Report It, Reward It” program, individuals who report software piracy are eligible to receive up to $1 million in cash rewards.

19. Members of BSA as of January 2009 • Adobe • Corel • Dell • IBM • McAfee • Apple • Intel • Microsoft • Cisco Systems • Autodesk • HP • SAP • Symantec

20. A trade secrecy is information, generally unknown to the public, that a company has taken strong measures to keep confidential. Trade secrets can include the design of new software code, hardware designs, business plans, the design of a user interface to a computer program, and manufacturing processes. Example Intel’s manufacturing process for i7 quad core processing chip Whistle-blowing is an effort by an employee to attract attention to a negligent, illegal, unethical, abusive, or dangerous act by a company that threatens the public interest.

21. Relationship between It Workers and Clients An IT worker often provides services to clients who either work outside the worker’s own organization or are “internal”. IT worker provides hardware, software, or services at a certain cost and within a given time frame. Fraud is the crime of obtaining goods, services, or property through deception or trickery. Fraudulent misrepresentation occurs when a person consciously decides to induce another person to rely and act on the misrepresentation.

22. Misrepresentation is the misstatement of incomplete statement of a material fact. If the misrepresentation causes the other party to enter into a contract, that party may have the legal right to cancel the contract and seek reimbursement for damages. Breach of contract occurs when one party fails to meet the terms of a contract. Material breach of contract occurs when a party fails to perform certain express or implied obligations, which impairs or destroys the essence of the contract.

23. Frequent causes of problems in IT projects: • The customer changes the scope of the project of the system requirement • Poor communication between customer and vendor leads to performance that does not meet expectations • The vendor delivers a system that meets customer requirements, but a competitor comes out with a system that offers more advanced and useful features • The customer fails to reveal information about legacy systems or databases that make the new system extremely difficult to implement.

24. Relationship between IT Workers and Suppliers Bribery involves providing money, property, or favors to someone in business or government to obtain a business advantage. Example A software supplier sales representative who offer money to another company’s employee to get its business. This type of bribe is often referred to as a kickback or a payoff.

26. Relationship between IT Workers and Other Professionals Resume Inflation it involves lying on a resume and claiming competence in an IT skill that is in high demand. Another ethical issue is the inappropriate sharing of corporate information. Because of their roles, IT workers have access to corporate databases of private and confidential information about employees, customers, suppliers, new product plans, promotions, budgets and so on. It might be sold to other organizations or shared informally during work conversations with others who have no need to know.

27. Relationship between IT Workers and IT Users IT users – the person who uses a hardware or software product from the IT worker who develop, install, service, and support the product. IT users need the product to deliver organizational benefits or to increase their productivity. IT workers have a key responsibility to establish an environment that supports ethical behavior by users. - Software piracy, minimizes the inappropriate use of corporate computing resources, and avoids the inappropriate sharing of information.

28. Relationship between IT Workers and Society Regulatory laws established safety standards for products and services to protect the public. The action of an IT worker can affect society. Example a system analyst may design a computer-based control system to monitor a chemical manufacturing process. An error or failure in the system may put workers or residents near the plant at risk. As a result, IT workers have a relationship with society members who may be affected by their actions.

29. IT PROFESSIONAL MALPRACTICE Negligence is not doing something that a reasonable person would do, or doing something that a reasonable person would not do. Duty of care refers to the obligation to protect people against any unreasonable harm or risk.