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Internal Forces of Change

Explore how convergent, divergent, and transform boundaries shape the Earth's surface, along with weathering and erosion processes like physical and chemical weathering, water erosion, wind erosion, and glacial erosion.

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Internal Forces of Change

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  1. Internal Forces of Change

  2. Types of Boundaries • Convergent • Come together • Divergent • Pull apart • Transform • Slide past each other http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/plates1.html

  3. Convergent Boundaries • Subduction • One plate dives beneath another • Forms volcanic mountains • Accretion • As one plate slides beneath another, a trench is formed • Overriding plate scrapes off the subducted plate, leveling off undersea mountains and ridges • Folding • Two continental plates collide, forming mountains

  4. Divergent Boundaries • Spreading • Two sea plates pull apart • Magma rises, creating ridges or undersea mountain ranges (“new” land)

  5. Transform Boundaries • Fault • Crack in earth’s surface where two plates can slide past one another • When plates make a sudden, violent shift, earthquake!

  6. External Forces of Change

  7. Weathering • Definition: The breaking down of rocks on the earth’s surface into smaller pieces. • Different from erosion! • No movement

  8. Physical Weathering • Caused by heat, water, ice, or pressure

  9. Frost Wedging

  10. Frost Heaving

  11. Plant Roots

  12. Burrowing of Animals

  13. Temperature Changes

  14. Chemical Weathering • Caused by chemical reactions. • Can be caused by water, carbon dioxide, oxygen, acid rain 1908 to 1969 Acid rain has eaten away this limestone statue.

  15. Water • Water weathers rock by dissolving it

  16. Oxygen • Iron combines with oxygen in the presence of water in a processes called oxidation • The product of oxidation is rust

  17. Acid Rain • Burning coal, oil and gas react chemically with water forming acids. • Acid rain causes very rapid chemical weathering

  18. Erosion • Definition: The process by which water, ice, wind or gravity moves pieces of rock and soil • Different from weathering! • Movement

  19. Water Erosion • Caused by fast-moving water such as rain, rivers, streams and oceans. Can eventually form a canyon or cliff (ocean). • Ex. Grand Canyon

  20. Water Erosion

  21. Wind Erosion • Caused by the movement of dust, sand and soil. Can create loess, a fertile soil carried by wind. • Ex. Great Plains

  22. Wind Erosion

  23. Glacial (Ice) Erosion • Caused by large pieces of ice moving across the earth’s surface. Can leave behind moraines (large piles of rock and debris). • Ex. Rocky Mountains

  24. Glacial Erosion

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