English Manuscript Preparation for Technical Journal Publication*

1. English Manuscript Preparation for Technical Journal Publication* 劉華光 (Hua-Kuang Liu) Graduate Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering National Taiwan University ____________________________________ * An invited talk presented to the IEEE Student Chapter at the National Taiwan University, May 11, 2004 Hua-Kuang Liu (c)

2. Importance of Technical Writing For scientists and engineers-Careersuccess For technical institutions-Gatewayto world reputation R&D Contributions – Quantity Quality Quantity with quality Leaders or followers Hua-Kuang Liu (c)

3. Technical Writing Origin: Research Results ThoughtsWords-Sentences-Paragraphs-Article Hua-Kuang Liu (c)

4. Word Usage ‘principle’versus‘principal’ Hua-Kuang Liu (c)

5. Example The Principal Investigator of the research project has discovered the principle of a new quantum Computer. Hua-Kuang Liu (c)

6. Word Usage Other easily mixed word-pairs: affect/effect; continual/continuous its/it’s; like/as; etc. Exercise: Make sentences using these words. Hua-Kuang Liu (c)

7. Idiomatic English Things compared must be comparable. ‘Resonance in pipes were unlikethose inrods.’ Hua-Kuang Liu (c)

8. Spelling and Pronunciation Lead ‘The conductor used a lead rod to lead the rock band.’ Live ‘Live fishes live in the river’ Logical? No. Hua-Kuang Liu (c)

9. Document Preparation I. Constraints and Style II. Structure: Beginning, Middle, and Endings, Transitions, Details, Depth, and Emphasis III. Language: Precision, Clarity, Etc. IV. Illustration: Right Choices & Best Designs Hua-Kuang Liu (c)

10. Constraints and Style Constraints Audience Format Mechanics Politics Stylistic Tools Structure Language Illustration Hua-Kuang Liu (c)

11. Audience Audience is always first! Audience determines words to define, illustrations to use, and depth to get into. Hua-Kuang Liu (c)

12. Efficiency of Writing Purpose is to inform: To communicate the most amount of information in the least amount of reading time. Purpose is to persuade: Topresents logical arguments in the most convincing manner. Hua-Kuang Liu (c)

13. Beginning of Documents Includes the title, summary, and introduction. Prepares readers for understanding the document’s middle. Determines whether the audience will continue reading the document. Hua-Kuang Liu (c)

14. Title The single most importantphrase of a document. Hua-Kuang Liu (c)

15. Summaries The summary should let the audience decide whether they want to read the document. Hua-Kuang Liu (c)

16. Writing Summaries Descriptive; tells what kind of information in the document Informative; presents actual results of work Hua-Kuang Liu (c)

17. Writing Introductions What exactly is the work? Why is the work important? What is needed to understand the work? How will the work be presented? Hua-Kuang Liu (c)

18. Writing Middles of Document What happened How it happened Origin of the work Results of the work The meaning of the results Hua-Kuang Liu (c)

19. 1. Analysis of the key results from the middle (Do not include new results) 2. A future perspective of the work Endings of Documents Hua-Kuang Liu (c)

20. Conclusion: Four Cs of Communication Color: Precision, coherence Clarity: Purity, transparence Carat: Substance, importance Cut: Organization, structure, style Hua-Kuang Liu (c)

21. An ExampleA Preprint Accepted for Publication in Applied Optics Holographic Creation of Photonic Crystals Tzu-Min Yan(1) and Hua-Kuang Liu(2) The Graduate Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering National Taiwan University No. 1 Sec. 4 Roosevelt Rd. Taipei, Taiwan, 106 (1) r91941022@ntu.edu.tw (2) hkl@cc.ee.ntu.edu.tw Hua-Kuang Liu (c)

22. Abstract In this paper, we describe the means of creation of general photonic crystals via holography with experimental demonstration. The recordings of periodic variations of amplitude and phase via the interference of coherent laser beams in a hologram offer a natural means for the creation of one- two- or three-dimensional photonic crystals1,2. Hua-Kuang Liu (c)

23. Abstract (Continued) Based on the principle of the creation of lattice structure via the interference of four non-coplanar beams3, we present a comparative analysis of two different approaches of creating photonic crystals and use five numerical simulated lattice structures to illustrate the differences between these two approaches. We then used a specific symmetrical optical architecture and selected the relatively easier approach to realize the holographic photonic crystals. OCIS code: 220.4000, 220.4610, 090.2880, 090.7330 Hua-Kuang Liu (c)

24. 1. Introduction • 2. Theoretical Analysis • Approach A: Derive primitive lattice constants of a photonic crystal from physically realizable predetermined laser wave vectors wavelength • Approach B: Determine the four wavevectors and laser wavelength from primitive lattice constants of a specific photonic crystal • Comparison • 6. Experiment • 7. Discussion and Conclusion • Acknowledgement • Figure Captions, List of Tables, and References Body of the Manuscript Hua-Kuang Liu (c)

25. We have described an interesting approach with experiments of using holography to create general photonic crystals which are not specifically targeted at certain crystal structures. We have presented a comparative analysis of two different holographic approaches of creating photonic crystals. Approach A is to derive primitive lattice constants of a photonic crystal from physically realizable predetermined wavevectors and laser wavelength. Approach B is to determine the four wavevectors and laser wavelength from known primitive lattice constants of a specific photonic crystal. In the analysis, four non-coplanar beams are assumed for the formation of interference pattern of the photonic crystals. Discussion and Conclusion Hua-Kuang Liu (c)

26. We have used five numerical examples to illustrate the creation of crystal. We have shown that approach A is practical in realizing an infinite number of photonic crystals with no specific names; approach B may be used to make specific photonic crystals but is more difficult to realize due to experimental limitations. From this comparison, we conclude that approach A may be adopted to create the photonic crystals in general if a convenient optical architecture can be found to realize the process. We have found such architecture and presented experimental results of 2D and 3D photonic crystals created in the optical system. Discussion and Conclusion (Cont’d) Hua-Kuang Liu (c)

27. From the experiments, we have found that the optical system used has several advantages and constraints. The advantages include single-step process and flexibility in the selection of lasers and recording media for various photonic crystals. Since the optical system is symmetrical, the beams are approximately of the same path length, there is no stringent requirement on the coherence length of the laser source. This implies that we can essentially use almost any laser source to create the photonic crystals. And this further means that we can make photonic crystals using long or short wavelength lasers and create photonic crystals on different materials for different refractive index contrast. The laser diode that we used has a very long coherent length of over 2 meters. But this is not really necessary. A pulsed laser with a coherent length of a few centimeters may also be used. Discussion and Conclusion (Cont’d) Hua-Kuang Liu (c)

28. There are several constraints. Though it seems that we can make an infinite number of photonic crystals, yet we can not make all kinds of photonic crystals due to the restriction of the geometrical configuration of the architecture. The beams are slightly expanded and then focused down to a spot of limited size. The total area and uniformity of the photonic crystals are limited accordingly. The assumption of plane wave input of the beams is not totally valid in the experiment. Also, the assumption of zero phase angle difference between the beams may also be affected by the optical components that the beams traveled through. Discussion and Conclusion (Cont’d) Hua-Kuang Liu (c)

29. Discussion and Conclusion (Cont’d) Other factors in the experiment include the polarization and uniformity of the array generator. The polarization of all the beams is nearly preserved in this system if we started with vertically polarized beam and it is not affected by the optical components in the path of propagation. The slight non-uniformly of a few percents across the aperture array will only affect the contrast of the cells of the photonic crystals. The quality of the components in the system may also cause distortions and non-uniformity. Finally, since the 3D photonic crystals are produced by oppositely traveling beams, the substrate of the film must be transparent to the beam. As a result, the beam that first goes through the substrate will have the influence of diffraction which has not been considered in the theoretical discussions. Hua-Kuang Liu (c)

30. Some of the constraints, especially the basic assumption in the analysis of uniform plane wave and the zero phase angle difference among the laser beams may be used to explain the errors between theoretical and experimental data on the primitive lattice constants. Nevertheless, based on the comparison of the experimental results with the theoretical calculations, we have shown that the constraints considered above do not affect the fact that the type of the specific symmetric system presented is effective in creating general photonic crystals. Discussion and Conclusion (Cont’d) Hua-Kuang Liu (c)

31. A Few Useful Tips (or Tricks) Choose an appropriate journal. Comply with format. Write cover letter. Interact with editor. Revise and respond to reviewers. Hua-Kuang Liu (c)

32. Categories of Documents Memos, Letters, E-mails Concept Papers, Proposals Reports,Journal Articles Job Search Documents Hua-Kuang Liu (c)

33. Document Preparation I. Constraints and Style II. Structure: Beginning, Middle, and Endings,Transitions, Details, Depth, and Emphasis III. Language: Precision, Clarity, Etc. IV.Illustration: Right Choices & Best Designs Hua-Kuang Liu (c)

34. Feedback from a Former Student “Dear Prof. Liu:The Class I took last semester from you actually helped me a lot to improve presentation skills and taught me the correct attitude to live a rewarding research life. Thank you so much! An appreciate EE Graduate student, Ming-Long Wu” Hua-Kuang Liu (c)

35. “We are all apprentices of a craft where no one ever becomes a master” -Ernest Hemingway Nobel Laureate Hua-Kuang Liu (c)

36. References The Craft of Scientific Writing, 3rd Edition by Michael Alley Publisher: Springer-Verlag ; http://www.springer.ny.com Communication in Science, 2nd Edition by Vernon Booth Publisher: Cambridge University Press The MIT Guide to Science and Engineering Communication by James G. Paradis, Muriel L. Zimmerman Publisher: MIT Press; ISBN: 0262161427; (March 1, 1997) Effective Technical Presentations by Mark Tew Silicon Valley Productions 1513 Brookvale Drive, #1 San Jose, CA Hua-Kuang Liu (c)