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Chapter 2

Explore the cognitive process of perception and how it affects our understanding of ourselves and others. Learn about schemas, attributions, and how to improve your perceptions. Discover the impact of culture and barriers to perception, and consider the role of self-concept, self-esteem, and self-efficacy in communication. Gain insights into managing identities through self-presentation and self-disclosure, both in-person and online.

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Chapter 2

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  1. Chapter 2 Perceiving the Self and Others

  2. Perception A cognitive process through which we interpret our experiences and come to our own unique understandings

  3. Communication Processing • Gathering, organizing, & evaluating information • Goes beyond senses • Involves personal factors

  4. The Perception Process • Selecting • Organizing • Interpreting

  5. Schemas: Organizing Perceptions • Mental structures that put together related bits of information • Help you understand how things work and how they should proceed • Evolve and change over time

  6. Challenges with Schemas • Mindlessness • “Uh huh… what?” • Selective perception • We evaluate based on our schemas • Undue influence • Do men always know more about sports than women?

  7. Attributions: Interpreting Perceptions • Using personal characteristics to explain others’ behavior when they don’t fit into our schemas • Emma: “I’m heading over to Mark’s place to help him study for our midterm. He has really been struggling this semester.” • Caleb: “Well, he was never really a rocket scientist.”

  8. Attributions Cont. • Interaction appearance theory • Have you ever found someone more attractive after getting to know them? • Fundamental Attribution Error • Attributing cause to internal factors for others • Opposite for ourselves

  9. Improving Your Perceptions • Verify your perceptions • Be thoughtful when seeking explanations • Look beyond first impressions

  10. Schema & Perception Exercise

  11. Perception in a Diverse World Culture affects how we perceive ourselves & others *Remember, culture isn’t just limited to race and/or ethnicity

  12. Perceptual Barriers • The narrow perspective (Cultural myopia) • Stereotyping • Applying your already existing schema • Prejudice • Based on negative stereotypes – rooted in unkindness and ill will

  13. Discussion – “And you?” • What is your opinion on Bill O’Reilly’s comments? Is it insensitive to wish someone “Merry Christmas” if one is not sure that the individual celebrates the holiday? Should salespeople avoid messages about religion entirely? How might your religious beliefs (or lack of beliefs) affect your perceptions on the issue?

  14. Removing Perceptual Barriers • Be mindful • Consider multiple identities and co-cultures • Expand your perspective • Deconstruct your schemas

  15. Cognition: Perceiving Ourselves • Self-concept • Self-esteem • Self-efficacy

  16. Self-Concept • Who you think you are • Influenced by thoughts, actions, abilities, values, goals, ideas… • Influences how you communicate • Comes from how others communicate with you • Direct & indirect evidence • Getting compliments vs. overhearing gossip • Social comparison theory • E.G. Women in magazine ads

  17. Self-Esteem • A set of attitudes you hold about your own emotions, thoughts, abilities, skills, behavior, and beliefs. • How you feel about yourself in a particular situation • Linked to Self-Concept: Must know yourself to have attitudes about self.

  18. Self-Efficacy • Ability to predict actual success based on yourself-concept and self-esteem • Self-Efficacy determines the actual choices you will make • Affects your ability to cope with failure and success • Can lead to self-fulfilling prophecies • “I can’t do this” often leads to less effort, and actual failure.

  19. Assessing Our Perceptions of Self • Self-Actualization • The feelings & thoughts you get when you know you have negotiated a communication situation as well as you possibly could • Leads to sense of satisfaction & fulfillment

  20. Assessing Our Perceptions of Self • Self-Adequacy • Assessing your communication competence as sufficient or acceptable • Can lead to contentment or self-improvement

  21. Assessing Our Perceptions of Self • Self-Denigration • A negative assessment about a communication experience. • Self-criticism • Often unwarranted. Often occurs when communicators place undue importance on weaknesses

  22. Behavior:Managing Our Identities • Self-presentation • Intentional communication designed to show elements of self for strategic purposes • Occurs through various channels • Requires self-monitoring

  23. Behavior:Managing Our Identities • Self-disclosure • Revealing yourself to others by sharing personal information • Must not be information easily known to others • Sharing must be voluntary

  24. Behavior:Managing Our Identities

  25. Technology:Managing the Self Online • Self-presentation can be more controlled • Make conscious choices about what to reveal to others • Allows for experimentation with identity

  26. Chip Kidd

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