Tanaman Makanan Food Crops AGR3502

1. TanamanMakananFood CropsAGR3502

2. Corn = Maize • Zea mays • family:Poaceae

3. Maize Taxonomy, Morphology and Reproduction • Maize (Zea mays L.) is a member of the grass family, Poaceae (Gramineae) • It is unique among the cereal crops because it is monoecious (it bears separate male and female inflorescences on the same plant). • The main stem terminates in a tassel (male inflorescence), and the grain is borne on lateral shoots (ears).

4. Maize - morphology • Maize generally has one main stem, but some varieties can produce tillers. • The maize stem is round and erect, with conspicuous nodes and internodes. • Unlike many grasses, the stem is solid rather than hollow. The leaves are borne in an alternate pattern on opposite sides of the stem.

5. Morphology – corn ear • Most commercial varieties of field corn produce a single ear. • Ear shoots grow in the leaf axils below the top ear, but generally do not develop unless the top ear is removed, or the plants are widely spaced in the field. Sweet corn and popcorn varieties are often prolific (have more than one ear per plant).

6. Corn grains • Maize is a large-seeded plant that can be rapidly multiplied. • A single cob of maize can produce about 800 seeds, which would be enough to plant about 100 m2 of corn

7. Importance, history and adaptation • The crop that is grown widely throughout the world in a range of agroecological environments. •  The grains are rich in vitamins A, C and E, carbohydrates, and essential minerals, and contain 9% protein. They are also rich in dietary fiber and calories which are a good source of energy.

8. …..cont •  In industrialized countries, maize is largely used as livestock feed and as a raw material for industrial products. • In some countries, consumed as a vegetable although it is a grain crop. • Biofuel for the future

9. Brief history of corn • The likeliest primary center of origin is Central America and Mexico. Based on diverse types of corn found there.

10. Adaptation • Can be grown from latitude 58oN to 35oS. From sea level to 4,000 m altitudes. • Crop cycle from 50-330 days. • Modern varieties mature between 90-120 days.

11. Corn producer

12. Percentage contribution by countries

13. Climatic requirement Ideal temp. 20-27oC not less than 10oC not more than 30oC Water requirement as low as 150 mm to 5100 mm of rainfall annually.

14. Uses of Corn Typical uses of maize grain in the USA •  0.2% Seed •  1.2% Food •  2.6% Starch •  5.0% Alcohol •  8.0% Sweeteners • 50.1% Animal feed • 22.6% Exports •  10.3% Ending stocks

15. Corn use in developing countries • In developing countries, an average of 30% of maize produced is used for direct human consumption. • In sub Saharan Africa, about 70% of the maize crop is used for human consumption. Green maize (fresh, on the cob) is an important food source early in the rainy season.

16. Any questions

17. Types of corn

18. Classification of maize based on endosperm The endosperm consists of starch granules embedded in a protein matrix. Flinty endosperm has a more rigid protein structure and is also higher in protein content than floury endosperm. Flint, floury and dent maize varieties(a = flinty endosperm; b = floury endosperm; c = germ and d = dent)Source: IITA, Nigeria

19. Types of corn Seven types or groups based on endosperm characteristics: • Dent • Flint • Flour • Pop • Sweet • Waxy • pod

20. Types of corn • Dent (indentata) When the grain dries, a pronounced wrinkle or dent forms on top of the kernel. The shrinkage of the soft starch.

21. Dent…….cont Usage Animal feed Cooking oil

22. Types of corn • Flint (indurata) The endosperm is soft and starchy. Usage: human and animal feed

23. Types of corn • Flour (amylaceae) The seed composed almost entirely of soft starch and can be white, blue or variegated. Usage: human food.

24. Types of corn • Pop (Everta) The endosperm is hard and small size kernel. Usage: human as snack

25. Types of corn • Sweet (saccharata) The kernels are tanslucent and wrinkled at maturity. Usage: human

26. Sweet Corn • Sweet - Sweet varieties have one or more genes which interfere with the conversion of sugar to starch. Most of the genes controlling sweetness are recessive, so production fields must be well isolated from normal (field) corn

27. Types of corn • Waxy (ceratina) The kernels contain high amylopectin. Resembles tapioca starch Usage: special food and adhesives

28. Types of corn • Pod Each kernel is enclosed in a pod or husk. The endosperm characteristics can be any of the above. Usage: primitive corn

30. Corn Production in Malaysia • Malaysia does not grow enough corn for its use • It imports a large amount of corn especially for livestock feed – poultry and swine production • Most of the local corn planted is for human consumption – mainly sweet corn

31. Area & Production of Field Crops in Malaysia

32. Corn in Malaysia

33. Malaysian Corn Production

34. Malaysian Corn Imports

35. Book on Prospects of Grain Corn Production in Malaysia

36. Panduan Menanam Jagung – Jabatan Pertanian Negeri Perak

38. Tambahan Kawasan Baru Sayur-sayuran Mengikut Jenis, 2011-2020 (Hektar) JENIS SAYUR TAMBAHAN KAWASAN BAHARU (HA) Jagung 1,000 Timun 900 Kacang Panjang 800 Terung 800 Bendi 700 Cili 700 Petola 400 Tomato 400 Halia 300 Kacang Buncis 300 Kubis Bulat 300 Sawi 300 Ubi Kayu 300 Ubi Keledek 300 Bayam 200 Labu Manis 200 Peria 200 Cendawan 90

39. Berbekal minat dan pengalaman yang dimiliki dalam bidang pertanian, seorang petani muda, Nor Azmi Idris, 34,