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The National Non-Food Crops Centre. Emerging technologies for renewable materials in the UK and EU Dr Adrian Higson 233 rd National Meeting & Exposition American Chemical Society Chicago 27 th January 2007. NNFCC Policy Drivers Feedstock Market Sectors Conclusion.
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The National Non-Food Crops Centre Emerging technologies for renewable materials in the UK and EU Dr Adrian Higson 233rd National Meeting & Exposition American Chemical Society Chicago 27th January 2007 • NNFCC • Policy Drivers • Feedstock • Market Sectors • Conclusion From crops to cashflow: building sustainable supply chains
Remit • NNFCC is the single, independent source of information on the use and implementation of non-food crops, products and technologies in the UK • Aiming to: • Develop credible supply chain models for all crop-derived materials, processes and by-products used in non-food applications • Advise industry, Government and academia on mechanisms to reduce supply chain constraints in emerging market areas • Encourage the development of new UK business sectors • Develop specific communication packages and tailored events for the media, schools and the general public • NNFCC • Remit • Funding • Staff • Services • Policy Drivers • Feedstock • Market Sectors • Conclusion
Renewable Feedstocks ENERGY FUEL Short Rotation Coppice Wheat • NNFCC • Remit • Funding • Staff • Services • Policy Drivers • Feedstock • Market Sectors • Conclusion Cereal Straw Sugar Beet OSR Miscanthus Maize Hemp Linseed Potatoes Barley Flax Crambe STARCH OIL Nettle Camelina Echium FIBRE Calendula Poppy Peppermint Chamomile Borage SPECIALITY
Funding • Government funding: • Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) • Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) - Bioscience for Business KTN • Membership Organisation • Industrial sponsors • Company subscriptions • Individual subscription • Project management / consultancy • Events • NNFCC • Remit • Funding • Staff • Services • Policy Drivers • Feedstock • Market Sectors • Conclusion
Staff & Services The Team • Technology Translation Managers • Policy & Government Liaison Manager • Events Team • Communications & Information Team • Regional Officer • Office Support Staff Services • Database of information (www.nnfcc.co.uk) • Technology Translation / Transfer, Project management • Private studies / Consultancy • Conferences, Exhibitions and Seminars • Education / Raising awareness • NNFCC • Remit • Funding • Staff • Services • Policy Drivers • Feedstock • Market Sectors • Conclusion
Policy Drivers • NNFCC • Policy Drivers • Feedstock • Market Sectors • Conclusion
UK Policy Drivers • Kyoto Protocol • Reducing GHG emissions 12.5% below 1990 levels in period 2008 - 2012 • Renewables Obligation (RO) • Requires licensed electricity suppliers to source supply from renewable sources. The current target is 6.7% for 2006/07 rising to 15.4% by 2015/16. • Renewable Transport Fuels Obligation (RTFO) • Fuel suppliers will be obliged to ensure that 5% of all fuel sold on UK forecourts to come from a renewable source by 2010. • Waste Regulations • Landfill Directive • Packaging Directive • Waste Incineration Directive • NNFCC • Policy Drivers • Feedstock • Market Sectors • Conclusion
UK Resources Total UK Agricultural Land = 18.5 million ha Arable = 6Mha • NNFCC • Policy Drivers • Feedstock • Market Sectors • Conclusion Set-aside = 0.6Mha NFC = 0.25Mha Land available for NFC production = 1.5 – 2Mha Woodland =2.8Mha (10 MT timber) • Agricultural waste = 80 MT • Food industry by-products = 30MT • Municipal Waste streams = 25MT • - Garden waste = 5MT • - Paper and board = 4.5MT • - Compostable kitchen waste = 4.5MT • Timber & wood waste = 2.8MT
UK Resources A) Non-Food Crop areas grown on set-aside land in the UK • NNFCC • Policy Drivers • Feedstock • Market Sectors • Conclusion 1) Estimated area grown outside set-aside land B) Area of non-food crop production identified through various support schemes on non-set aside land in the UK
Key Market Sectors • Lubricants • Total loss systems, hydraulics, engine oils • Polymers and bulk chems • Renewable polymers, biodegradables, solvents • Medicines • Cosmeceuticals, Neutraceuticals, OTC’s, Rx medicines • Construction • New materials, Insulation • Energy • Biodiesel, bioethanol • NNFCC • Policy Drivers • Feedstock • Market Sectors • Lubricants • Polymers • Medicines • Construction • Energy • Conclusion
Biolubricant Markets • Biodegradable Lubricants • Number of products already in marketplace • Potential for increased commercialisation in number of end uses • Main Drivers • Environmental legislation • Lubricity • Biodegradability • Low toxicity • Ready and Sustainable supply • Common Crop Sources: Rapeseed, Sunflower, Soya, Palm. • NNFCC • Policy Drivers • Feedstock • Market Sectors • Lubricants • Polymers • Medicines • Construction • Energy • Conclusion
Biolubricant Markets • Chain bar lubricants • Total of 30 M litres of oil used in EU • EA and Forestry Commission contractual requirement • NNFCC • Policy Drivers • Feedstock • Market Sectors • Lubricants • Polymers • Medicines • Construction • Energy • Conclusion • Represents around 40% of UK market – e.g., 220,000L • Metalworking oils – engine manufacture • Performance • Cost competitiveness • HSE benefits • Commercial Successes: • * Ford/Houghton • * Mercedes-Benz/Fuchs www.specialchem4polymers.com
Lubricant Demonstration Project The construction of a resource centre at “The Eden project” UK, sited in Europe’s largest china clay pit. • NNFCC • Policy Drivers • Feedstock • Market Sectors • Lubricants • Polymers • Medicines • Construction • Energy • Conclusion
Demonstration Project “…china clay is known within the quarrying industries to be one of the most invasive penetrative and destructive of all minerals…” Roger Powell, Director, Highway Plant Ltd • NNFCC • Policy Drivers • Feedstock • Market Sectors • Lubricants • Polymers • Medicines • Construction • Energy • Conclusion
Renewable Polymers • Biologically produced polymers with unique properties: • Sustainable materials • Reduced processing • Burn cleanly • New functionalities • Biodegradable, compostable • Natural Biopolymers: Starch Based • Synthetic Biodegradable polymers: polylactic acid, polycaprolactone • Growth rates – 30% year up to 2010 • NNFCC • Policy Drivers • Feedstock • Market Sectors • Lubricants • Polymers • Medicines • Construction • Energy • Conclusion www.specialchem4polymers.com www.specialchem4polymers.com
Polymer Market • NNFCC • Policy Drivers • Feedstock • Market Sectors • Lubricants • Polymers • Medicines • Construction • Energy • Conclusion UK Market ~ 5.0MT • W. Europe plastic waste (2000) = 19.5MT • Critical to divert waste from landfill • Waste Recovery (mechanical recycling, feedstock, energy) = 7MT • UK very low recovery rates www.specialchem4polymers.com www.specialchem4polymers.com
UK Market Position BIGGEST VOLUME USE IS PACKAGING • SAINSBURY – 500 own branded products in compostable packs - Using Natureflex/MaterBi polymers - Replacing 3550 tonnes conventional plastic • IKEA – Replace all carrier bags Use starch hybrid bags • TESCO – Fresh produce containers Using Natureworks PLA • BELU – Spring water bottle Natureworks PLA Stocked by WAITROSE • NNFCC • Policy Drivers • Feedstock • Market Sectors • Lubricants • Polymers • Medicines • Construction • Energy • Conclusion
UK Issues • The concept of a ‘Compostable plastic’ is not well understood by the general public • Practical and environmental benefits can only be realised if the material is composted or incinerated with energy recovery, not land-filled. • Composting takes advantage of biodegradability and is favoured by the waste hierarchy but requires processes for effective waste stream separation. • EN 13432 defines criteria for biodegradability and compostability and is recommended in Directive 94/62/EC • Companies have launched logos which conform to EN 13432 and are applied to the packaging material. • Focussed on segregation of the biopolymer from the non-bio waste stream followed by composting.
Medicines • Markets • Single compound pharmaceuticals, e.g., taxol, etoposide • Whole plant extracts, e.g., cannabinoids for MS • Therapeutic proteins, e.g., antibodies against HIV • Growing market in neutraceuticals e.g., Omega fatty acids and fish oil replacements • World class science base • UK agriculture is world leader in traceability – critical for crop used in pharmaceutical applications • NNFCC • Policy Drivers • Feedstock • Market Sectors • Lubricants • Polymers • Medicines • Construction • Energy • Conclusion
High-Value Applications Modern drugs from plants; opiates (analgesia), cannabanoids (MS), and anti-malerials • NNFCC • Policy Drivers • Feedstock • Market Sectors • Lubricants • Polymers • Medicines • Construction • Energy • Conclusion Artemisinin Tetrahydrocannabinol THC Cannabidiol CBD Morphine, Pethidine Methadone Grown & Processed in the UK
High-Value Applications • Medicinal - Galanthamine (Reminyl) • Extracted from daffodil bulbs • Used to manufacture Reminyl, an Alzheimer’s drug • UK Bulb producers do supply into this market (~25,000 t/annum) • Galanthamine can be extracted in the UK • Cosmeceutical - Bog Myrtle (Sweet Gale) • Developed by Highland Natural Products/Boots • 5000ha trial plantation being established • Expect £700/ha by Year 4 • NNFCC • Policy Drivers • Feedstock • Market Sectors • Lubricants • Polymers • Medicines • Construction • Energy • Conclusion
Construction Materials • Almost 50% of UK CO2 emissions come from the construction or use of buildings • NNFCC • Policy Drivers • Feedstock • Market Sectors • Lubricants • Polymers • Medicines • Construction • Energy • Conclusion Hemp in Construction • Hemp stems produce fibre (outer layers; 30%) and “shiv” (central core; about 60%) • Mixing hemp shiv with special lime mixes (binder) at 1:2 by weight produces “hemcrete”; a light-weight, breathable walling material • Brick & AAC block 97 – 216 kg/m2 • Rendered block & block 102 kg/m2 • 300mm Hemcrete wall- 31 kg/m2 • 500mm Hemcrete wall- 53 kg/m2
Construction Materials • NNFCC • Policy Drivers • Feedstock • Market Sectors • Lubricants • Polymers • Medicines • Construction • Energy • Conclusion
Construction Materials • Natural Fibre Insulation Materials • Growing sector in European market • From hemp / flax fibre or wool • Demonstrate many advantageous properties over glass and rockwool e.g. handling and disposal • NNFCC • Policy Drivers • Feedstock • Market Sectors • Lubricants • Polymers • Medicines • Construction • Energy • Conclusion
Construction Materials • NNFCC • Policy Drivers • Feedstock • Market Sectors • Lubricants • Polymers • Medicines • Construction • Energy • Conclusion
Construction Materials • NNFCC • Policy Drivers • Feedstock • Market Sectors • Lubricants • Polymers • Medicines • Construction • Energy • Conclusion
Renewable Fuels • Current Status • 1st generation technologies are now becoming established • Enormous potential for UK production of biofuels • Land availability & food supply constraints • 2010 RTFO committment of 5% replacement will require around 2 million tonnes of biofuel – if met by the UK would need around 1.3 -1.5MHa of wheat and OSR • LCVP sustainability criteria due 2008 • NNFCC • Policy Drivers • Feedstock • Market Sectors • Lubricants • Polymers • Medicines • Construction • Energy • Conclusion
Bio-ethanol • Market established through imports • Large volume of planned capacity • British Sugar plant production 2007, 60,000 tonnes from sugar beet • Ensus putting steel in ground Q2 2007, 320,000 tonnes capacity, production 2009 • Preferred feedstock - wheat • NNFCC • Policy Drivers • Feedstock • Market Sectors • Lubricants • Polymers • Medicines • Construction • Energy • Conclusion
Bio-Diesel • Established production capacity • E.g. Biofuels corporation, capacity 250,000 tonnes • Mixed vegetable oil feedstock • Oilseed rape • Palm oil • Soya bean oil • Sunflower • Used cooking oil • Tallow • NNFCC • Policy Drivers • Feedstock • Market Sectors • Lubricants • Polymers • Medicines • Construction • Energy • Conclusion
2nd Generation Biofuels • Choren JV with Shell • Biomass to synthesis gas to diesel • NNFCC • Policy Drivers • Feedstock • Market Sectors • Lubricants • Polymers • Medicines • Construction • Energy • Conclusion
2nd Generation Biofuels • NNFCC • Policy Drivers • Feedstock • Market Sectors • Lubricants • Polymers • Medicines • Construction • Energy • Conclusion 1st Gen Biodiesel 2nd Gen Diesel Concawe/Eucar/JRC Well to Wheel Study
2nd Generation Biofuels • NNFCC • Policy Drivers • Feedstock • Market Sectors • Lubricants • Polymers • Medicines • Construction • Energy • Conclusion 30 dt/ha Energy Maize 15 -18 dt/ha Source: KWS
Biorefineries • NNFCC • Policy Drivers • Feedstock • Market Sectors • Lubricants • Polymers • Medicines • Construction • Energy • Conclusion Figure from Ragauskas et al, (2006) The Path Forward for Biofuels and Biomaterials. Science 311: 484-489
Conclusion; Room to Grow! • Bio-Energy and Bio-Fuels are big business. The UK is behind the US, Germany, others, but activity is increasing • For 1st generation fuels, on-farm and/or cooperative ventures are possible (and probably best suited to scattered communities) • 2nd Generation Fuels are emerging. These need to be developed at large scale for full benefits to be realised • Carbon savings can be made in other sectors, eg construction, chemicals, materials. • Huge potential for both UK agriculture & industry • Still not making use of the land we have available to us! • NNFCC • Policy Drivers • Feedstock • Market Sectors • Conclusion
Further Information • NNFCC • Policy Drivers • Feedstock • Market Sectors • Conclusion www.nnfcc.co.uk
Thank You • NNFCC • Policy Drivers • Feedstock • Market Sectors • Conclusion www.nnfcc.co.uk Building sustainable supply chains