Intimate Partner Rape

1. Intimate Partner Rape

2. While victims and offenders may be either male or female, for the purposes of this presentation, victims will be referred to as female and offenders will be referred to as male

3. The vast majority of the reported intimate partner rapes were reported within 24 hours. Most of the reports were made by the victim, rather than a friend, relative, or other third party.

4. Intimate partner rape: • Sexual acts committed without a person’s consent • against a person’s will.

5. Intimate partner rape: • - • Intimate partners „ can include current or former spouses, dates, noncohabitating intimate partners or cohabitating partners (Bennice & Ressick, 2003)

6. Categories of Marital Rape „ • Force Only: „ man uses only the amount of force needed to coerce wife into having sex „ • Battering Rape: „ woman is raped and beaten „ beating occurs before, during or after the sexual assault „ • Sadist/Obsessive Rape: „ man uses torture or perverse sexual acts, often involving pornography

7. HISTORICAL CONTEXT • 1736 „ Chief Justice of England stated man could not rape his wife „ She had “given” herself in marriage (Russell, 1990) „ • 1950s „ • Benjamin Karp stated that rapists were victims of disease „ Claimed many suffered more than their victims (Brownmiller, 1975)

8. Partner rape • Physical force, • Threat of force, • When the partner is unable to consent. • Coercion

9. Wanted vs. Unwanted touchingBattery Sexual Battery

10. Here is the attitudinal problem

11. Societal views: • Stranger rape constitutes “real rape” • Sex is a “wifely duty.”

12. ‘ Hmm, it’s such a grey area.’ ‘What’s the line between rape and just getting it over and done with?’ ‘You don’t feel like it, but you do it for him.’ ‘We’ve all done it.’ ‘It’s just part of the compromise.’

13. Aggression and Violent BehaviorVolume 12, Issue 3, May–June 2007, Pages 329-34 Victims of marital rape experience: *Significant levels of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) *Depression, gynecological problems, and negative physical health symptoms

14. Seeking help from social service agencies and the law appears to be the most effective behaviors for ending marital rape

15. Women have 4x greater risk of unwanted or mistimed pregnancies „ Due to coercive control „ Unclear what came first – abuse or pregnancy (Gazmararian, Adams, Saltzman, Johnson, Bruce, Marks, Zahniser & the Prams Working Group, 1995)

16. Rape by acquiescence • consensual unwanted sex (sexual compliance)  • VS • nonconsensual unwanted sex (sexual coercion).

17. Rape by acquiescence • (1) Unwanted turns to wanted • (2) It's my duty • (3) Easier not to argue • (4) Don't know what might happen if I don't and (5) Knows what will happen if I don’t. • Kathleen C Basile(CDC)

18. RAPE MYTH ACCEPTANCE Rape supportive attitudes: „ May believe marital rape is less traumatic for victims (Frese, Moya & Megias, 2004)

19. RAPE MYTH ACCEPTANCE Belief that this type of rape is less important than stranger or date rape

20. Men Feeling Entitled I work hard. I bring in the money. The least you can do is have sex with me.

21. When someone doesn’t get what they feel they are entitled to then they get angry.

22. So sometimes they just go ahead and take it anyway.

23. SPOUSAL EXEMPTION • British Common Law: Lord Hale By their mutual matrimonial consent & contract, the wife hath give herself up….. • Blanket consent that could not be withdrawn.

24. That Common Law became codified in all states of the United States.

25. Social Acceptance • Up until 1980’s Wifely duty! • Role expectations ? • Culturally accepted.

26. Illegalization of Intimate Partner Rape • In the 1970’s and 80’s, numerous states adopted laws criminalizing Spousal Rape. • It was not until 1993 that all forms of rape were illegal in every state.

27. Change Occurs Slowly • Domestic Violence: • Victim Advocates 1970s • Law enforcement 1990s

28. Changes • Rule of thumb • Middle East Culture • Kazakhstan • Dixie County Florida

29. Partner rape is beginning to receive more and more attention in our society as an unethical, traumatic, and illegal occurrence. Unfortunately, many men and women are still unaware that partner rape is a crime.

30. When men don’t know it is a crime to force their intimate partner to have sex then: • They equate it to: “I didn’t want to mow the yard either, but I did it anyway.” That thinking is not right, but it is true.

31. Lack of respect for partner. • Lack of empathy for partner. • Dave Stead

32. Lack of consent results from forced participation or the inability to consent.

33. Deep sleep Alcohol Drugs

35. April 23, 2015 - IOWA • 78 year old man acquitted of having sex with his wife. • Nursing home staff had warned him, her Alzheimer’s had left her unable to consent.

36. Confusion • When does it change from him trying to negotiate his position, to coercion or abuse?

37. Don’t just focus on whether or not the behavior fits the elements of the rape statute.

38. Think about what this is doing to the victim.

39. Partner‘s rape for many reasons. What are some of them? • Lust (impulse control) • Anger • Power and Control • Punishment • Jealousy

40. “ Being raped by an intimate partner can’t be as bad as being raped by a stranger.”

41. Rape by strangers creates fear of strangers. • Rape of someone close, is damaging to an extra level.

42. HUSBAND VS BOYFRIEND? 1. Society attitudes? 2. Just as bad? 3. Victim blame more if husband? 4. Expected if the wife?

43. Victims of Intimate Partner Rape suffer long lasting physical and psychological injuries as severe or more severe than Stranger Rape victims.

44. She is now living with a rapist!

45. Victims raped by a partner are violated by someone with whom they share their lives, homes, and possibly children.

46. Psychologists: Being raped by an intimate partner adds another dimension to the trauma: * Ongoing contact with him. • It could happen again. • Shared responsibility of children. • Sense of betrayal is keen • May even financially support him.

47. LGB COMMUNITY • CDC’s National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey found: • 44% of lesbians and 61% of bisexual women experience rape, physical violence, or stalking by an intimate partner, compared to 35% of heterosexual women

48. LGB COMMUNITY • CDC’s National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey found: • 26% of gay men and 37% of bisexual men experience rape, physical violence, or stalking by an intimate partner, compared to 29% of heterosexual men

49. LGB COMMUNITY • CDC’s National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey found: • 22% of bisexual women have been raped by an intimate partner, compared to 9% of heterosexual women

50. LGB COMMUNITY • CDC’s National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey found: • The perpetrator may have threatened “outing” the survivor or told the survivor that the process would “out” her or him.