REVOLUTIONARY WAR

1. REVOLUTIONARY WAR From the French and Indian War to the Treaty of Paris

2. REVIEW FROM UNIT 1 • MERCANTILISM: 17th century; colonies provide raw materials for growth of the mother country. • Navigation Acts (1650-1673): New rules for English-controlled trade BRAINSTORM: what could be some positive impacts? Negative impacts?

3. Nav Act Examples • No country can trade with the colonies unless the goods are shipped in colonial or English ships • All vessels have to be operated by crews that are ¾ Englishmen or colonial men • Colonies must export enumerated (raw) goods to England only • All goods traded between colonies and Europe must first pass through an English Port

4. 17-18TH century Self-determinism KING OF ENGLAND GOVERNOR: appointed by King Power to disband the assembly, appoint/dismiss judges, and oversee all colonial trade. LOCAL ASSEMBLY: elected by eligible colonists (landowning white males) ADVISORY COUNCIL: appointed by Governor

5. Colonies: 1700s-1750s • Enlightenment brings new ideas • Ben Franklin: Albany Plan of Union • Great Awakening: literacy up, freedom of interpretation • Early Tensions: Bacon’s Rebellion 1676, MA charter revoked 1684

6. New rules • 1685: King James II comes to power in England • Terrible Ruler • Glorious Revolution 1688 ushers in salutary neglect (relaxed enforcement) in the colonies • BRAINSTORM: Impact of salutary neglect? • Self-determination

7. Salutary Neglect • Salutary Neglect fixes problems temporarily • Colonists still loyal • 1750s: Attention turns to rival: France • Assignment: Using Chapter 3 Section 4, answer the questions and fill in the graphic organizer.

8. Start of Tensions French and Indian War

9. Colonized United States

11. Background • Biggest European Rivals: France v Britain • 1689 series of wars start in Europe • In America: Britain wants Ohio River Valley • Fertile, access to H2O, trade • Colonists eager to expand west

12. French American Empire • Jacques Cartier explores in 16th Cent. • Establish Quebec in Canada & Louisiana in U.S. • 70,000 inhabitants • Fur trading, Catholicism • Friendly relations with the Native Americans

13. Tensions erupt • 1754: France grant territory, Britain grants same territory-Fort Duquesne (Pittsburgh) • May: Virginia general (guess who!) sends militia • 1st skirmish-colonists lose • Beginning of French and Indian War

14. “Join or Die” by Benjamin Franklin, Pennsylvania Gazette (Philadelphia, PA), May 9, 1754 What do you see? What does it mean?

15. Early French Victories • British declare war after 2nd group of troops loses • Bitter defeat in beginning • French/Indians burn and pillage settlements • Get 60 miles within Philly

16. Turning Point • 1757PM William Pitt takes over command • Gets $$, supplies, and recruitment from locals • Promised to reimburse Americans for their help • Replaced old war heroes with new ones

17. British Victories • Brits capture Louisburg-access to St. Lawrence River • 1759 Take Quebec • 1760 Capture Montreal • World View: India, Prussia • Treaty of Paris 1763 ends the war

18. Impact of the War

19. Treaty of Paris 1763 • Eliminates France as a colonial power in North America • France cedes • To Spain: all French territory west of Mississippi River plus New Orleans Port • To Britain: Canada and all French territory east of the Miss. River

20. Impact of war • Colonists want to move past Appalachian Mtns • Native Americans fear the growing British • Pontiac’s Rebellion • British troops

21. Tensions grow • Proclamation of 1763: British ban all settlements west of the App. Mtns • How to enforce? • Who owns the area? • Impact of this decision?

22. Effects of winning the war British: • Determined to change policy of salutary neglect • Colonies had not sufficiently helped • Gained much land from the victory in Britain’s name • Fought the war to protect colonies; they should help pay for the war Colonists: • Gained self-confidence & Military experience • Saw the need for unification (Franklin) • Threat of French/Indian attacks gone; dependence on Britain lessened • War in colonies is for British gain, not colonists’ gain

23. Review Quiz • Who was fighting the war? (4 sides) • What area was being fought over? • Who was winning in the beginning? What was the turning point of the war? • What was the outcome of the war (who won, who lost, settlement terms)? • How did the war impact the participating groups? (4 sides)

24. Post War: New British Policy • Place the colonies under strict British political and economic control. • Compel colonies to respect English law • Make the colonies bear their part of the cost of maintaining the British Empire If you were Britain, how would you do this?

25. YOU DECIDE! • The French and Indian War has ended. England is happy with the outcome, but struggling to remain supreme due to national war debt. • Prime Minister George Grenville needs help. As advisors to him, you must discuss the best way to reduce this debt. Abroad, Mercantilist policies have been enforced and the Writs of Assistance has been enacted. IT IS NOT ENOUGH. • Using the alternatives provided and your magnificent brains, advise the Prime Minister of the best policy to get out of debt. But beware! There are consequences to every action…

26. Things to consider • England at home: unstable, fighting France, shaky gov’t • Colonies: used to salutary neglect • England pays higher taxes: colonists 20% richer, pay only ¼ of the taxes England pays • Other empires to consider: Spain • Proclamation Line: colonists cannot cross/settle new land (also consider natives) • Enforcement: how to pay for it? Nav Acts?

27. Reading Assignment • Homework: Read “Revolution is Brewing: Mercantilism, Navigation Acts, and the Colonies” posted on my website. Answer the questions to the reading and bring into class for discussion. • THOUGHTS TO KEEP IN MIND: • What was the purpose of the colonies? • What policies had been enacted since the colonies developed? • Who owns the colonies? Who provides for the colonies?