Chapter 10

1. Chapter 10 A Changing Nation Section 2: Dealing with Other Nations

2. Section 2 Essential Question: How did U.S. foreign affairs reflect new nation confidence?

3. Section 2: Dealing With Other Nations • Relations with Spain • Spanish Florida was a source of conflict between the United States and Spain. Spain’s power had weakened over time • Wars with England and maintaining uprisings in colonies • Enslaved Africans fled from Georgia and Alabama into Spanish Florida. • Joined with the Seminoles • Went on raids to American settlements

4. Section 2: Dealing With Other Nations • Because of the Seminoles raids, in 1817 the U.S. sends in Andrew Jackson. • He attacked and destroyed 2 Seminole villages • He then went far beyond his orders • Attacked and seized 2 Spanish towns • Forced the governor to flee • Spain realizes that they can no longer hold onto Florida • U.S. could take it at any time • They sign the Adams-Onis treaty in 1819 which ceded Florida

5. Adams-Onis Treaty • Seeking to protect their land interests, the Spanish offer Florida to the U.S. • The U.S. obtained Florida for $5 million and defined the new boundaries between Spain and the U.S.

6. Adams-Onis Treaty

7. What effect did Andrew Jackson’s attack on Florida have on the government of Spain? Spain realized it could not protect Florida, so it sold the territory to the United States.

8. Section 2: Dealing With Other Nations • Spanish Colonies Win Independence • Spain’s control of it other American colonies was also fading. The people of Latin America was inspired by the American and French revolutions an sought to seek independence. • In 1810 – Father Miguel Hidalgo organized an army of Native Americans • They freed several provinces in Mexico • Hidalgo was captured and executed in 1811 • In 1820 – a second revolution breaks out • Spain was unable to end the fighting • They signed a treaty in 1821 giving Mexico independence • Mexico’s Governments • At first it Mexico was ruled by an emperor • In 1823 that changed to a constitutional government like America

9. Section 2: Dealing With Other Nations • In 1819 Simon Bolivar led a rebellion for independence in South America and defeated the Spanish. He was know as the Liberator. • Marched troops through Venezuela into Columbia defeating the Spanish • Became president of the independent republic of Columbia • Included Venezuela, Columbia, Ecuador and Panama • In 1821 – Central America declares independence • Spain was unable to resist • They formed the United Provinces of Central America • Included Nicaragua, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala • In 1822 – Brazil declares Independence from Portugal • The U.S. formally recognized the independence of these countries • By 1825 most of Latin America was free of European control

10. Why was Miguel Hidalgo important to the history of Mexico? He led Mexico’s struggle for independence from Spain. Although he was defeated, Spain recognized that it could not maintain its rule over Mexico.

11. Monroe Doctrine Political Cartoon

12. Section 2: Dealing With Other Nations • The Monroe Doctrine • In 1822, the United States recognized the independence of Mexico and six former colonies in Latin America. • European powers France and Russia wanted to help Spain regain it colonies. • In 1823, Britain suggested that the United States and Britain join together to protect the Freedom of Latin America. • President James Monroe approved the plan but Secretary of State John Quincy Adams argued that acting jointly would make the United States look like Britain’s junior partner.

13. Section 2: Dealing With Other Nations • The Monroe Doctrine (cont) • In December 1823, President Monroe announced what is know called the Monroe Doctrine. The U.S. would not allow European nations to create new colonies or interfere with Latin America • This was the beginning of the special friendship that we share with England • In truth, the U.S. was not strong enough to block European interference • The British Navy was • U.S. Foreign Policy was being enforced by England • As U.S. power grew, the Monroe Doctrine boosted the influence of the United States in Latin America.

14. What was Adams’s advice to Monroe? He said that cooperation between the two countries would make the U.S. seem to be Britain’s junior partner.

15. Section 2: Dealing With Other Nations • Relations with Canada • Britain faced its own challenges in Canada. • Canada was still a British colony and in 1791, Britain divided Canada into Upper and Lower Canada. • Relations were tense with U.S. because of failed invasions during war of 1812 • The English learned a lesson from America. • After the 1837 rebellion, in an effort to stop further rebellion Britain rejoined the colony under the Act of Union of 1841. This helped Britain keep Canada, by giving Canadians more self government • Relations improved between Canada and the U.S. • Border disputes were settled peacefully • Eventually we established excellent relations

16. Why did Britain grant some self-government to Canada? To stop rebellion and maintain Canada as a colony.

17. Section 2 Essential Question: How did U.S. foreign affairs reflect new nation confidence? The United States signaled that it was ready to take an active role in shaping events in the Western Hemisphere.