MMC 910 Journalism and Society

1. MMC 910 Journalism and Society Session 7: What Have We Learned So Far – Exam Review

2. MMC and MIST Programs Official launch will be Wednesday, April 11, 6 – 9 pm Everyone is expected to attend: guests will be VIPs and journalists; NO CLASS Come to Auditorium in Block 15-Ground Floor Reception follows

3. Media and Politics: Communicating the Transitions Conference at UOWD, May 16 Details to come Volunteers needed

4. Changes to Syllabus • Readings – only primary readings listed • Additional readings sent by anyone to www.mmc.twitbookclub.org are not in syllabus • Additional readings are important • Changes in assignment dates • Details about exam, papers, and lectures

5. Letter from President Aouad Academic Writing and Research starts Tuesday evening, March 20, 6-9 pm, KV15-111 Subject was started for Ph.D. students last year No credit 13 weeks No cost to you this time ONLY

6. Letter from President Aouad Academic Writing and Research starts Tuesday evening, March 20, 6-9 pm, KV15-111 Offered to everyone in MMC and MIST Requires regular attendance Requires hard work Continues after end of semester Ends June 11 – day after summer semester begins

7. Letter from President Aouad Academic Writing and Research starts Tuesday evening, March 20, 6-9 pm, KV15-111 If you take the subject and do the work, you can hold off on the final paper in MMC or MIST, receive an Incomplete, and hand in paper by June 15 with no penalty. Papers later than June 15 will receive one full grade lower – A to B, B to C, etc.

8. Review for Midterm Exam Key Topics • What is Journalism and How is it connected to history? Week 1 Wikipedia + Deuze + Thompson + Lloyd + Zelizer

9. Journalism and History • Role of Journalism: Walter Lippman – mediates between elites and public John Dewey – brings dialogue between members of the public; best ideas come forward Bill Kovach & Tom Rosenthiel – elements of journalism

10. Elements of Journalism • Truth • Loyalty to citizens • Verification • Independence from news sources • Independent monitor of power/powerful • Forum for public criticism and compromise • News is significant, interesting, and relevant • News is comprehensive and proportional • Journalists exercise personal conscience • Rights and responsibilities of citizens

11. Journalism and History Deuze – Journalists share “occupational ideology” public service, objectivity/fairness, autonomy, immediacy, ethics Multimedia, new technologies – may require team work, not individual Major issue for journalism is multiculturalism • Knowledge of journalists about others • Representation (how many groups among journalists) • Social responsibility of journalists – involved or not

12. Media and Development of Modern Societies Thompson – “mediazation of culture” since 1450 due to printing press • Church & State couldn’t control – move from handwritten manuscripts to multiple copies • Before printing, news spread by church, trade, singers, poets – at markets • Printing led to postal services; spread of news; newspapers from 1600s – corantos

13. Media & Modern Societies 2 Freedom of the press linked to Development of modern constitutional state “Bourgeois public sphere” created by print – limited to men and elite Since 1800s, 3 media trends • Media organizations become large companies • Globalization of communications • New technologies – telegraph, radio, TV, Internet

14. Journalism and History Lloyd interesting about early Australia but not relevant to us Zelizer – History and Journalism • Historians have argued about role of journalism • Historians of journalism have argued about its past • Scholars differ on whose journalism, what kind of journalism, and which journalism to consider in writing history or a history of journalism

15. Journalism and History 2 Zelizer suggests: • Looking at journalism history “writ small”: Memoirs, Biographies, Histories of organizations • Journalism history “writ midway”: Periods, Themes, Events • Journalism history “writ large”: The Nation-State

16. Four Theories of the Press • Siebert – Libertarian Developed from beliefs in human rights, freedom to think, argue, challenge from 1500s Doesn’t work in authoritarian society – press tries to challenge, spread ideas; government may not agree Mass media has to supply information; readers can decide on their position

17. Libertarian Theory • How to have free press and protect state during war, other major problems that threaten • Laws and courts: in US history, press is free unless “clear and present danger” exists • Access to information from government – FOI Act often challenged • Broadcasting, films – have had special regulation, sometimes not; depends on government

18. Libertarian Theory 2 From Siebert on libertarian theory: “Its greatest defect has been its failure to provide rigorous standards for the day-to-day operation of the mass media – in other words, a stable formula to distinguish between liberty and abuse of liberty.” “Its greatest assets, however, are its flexibility, its adaptability to change, and above all its confidence in its ability to advance the interests and welfare of human beings by continuing to place its trust in individual self-direction.”

19. Social Responsibility Theory • Comes from idea that press is not free to do what it wants; it has a responsibility to the public • But who will decide what is good for the public • And who will enforce so that press shows responsibility to the public

20. Social Responsibility Theory • Comes from idea that press is not free to do what it wants; it has a responsibility to the public • But who will decide what is good for the public • And who will enforce so that press shows responsibility to the public

21. Social Responsibility Theory 2 Three possible solutions: • Conservative - Media polices itself, tries to be fair • Moderate – Journalists isolated from business of journalism; they serve public • Radical – Society has to transform so media must be active in promoting greater equality, change, etc.

22. Corporate Media, Global Capitalism • Media today is global • Majority of dominant companies are US owned, based • Next group is regional, national but also part of global media system • Since everyone prefers local content, big media opens offices around the world • Global media system supports “neoliberal political economic order” • Readings on China and Uzbekistan interesting examples to think about

23. Censorship, Ethics, and Other Legal Issues Curry-Jansen – Censorship inherent in capitalism • History of press in USA interesting, not to memorize • Focus on pp.167-178 • Knowledge “becomes cultural capital” • “Information capitalism” • “Market censorship” • “Test of marketplace” not fair to developing countries

24. Censorship, Ethics, cont. • Phillips et al. - Unanswered Questions of 9/11 • Pollack – Muscular Religion • Pullan – The Mask all interesting viewpoints, history, not on test

25. Censorship, Ethics, cont. Hoffneret al. – Support for Censorship of TV Violence • Results of survey in US Midwest in 1998, 1999 Questions researched: • Third person effect – people think others more affected by what they see than themselves • News coverage effect – exposure to stories about TV violence issue • Exposure to TV violence results in less support for censorship

26. Censorship, Ethics, cont. Hoffneret al. – Support for Censorship of TV Violence • Results varied and not entirely conclusive • Research from freedom of the press angle – Researchers don’t like public desire for more censorship of TV violence and were surprised by some of the findings • Overall not conclusive

27. Reality or Manufactured Reality and Interpreting Information Marshall & Kingsbury – News and Reality Construction • News has relation to reality but isn’t entirely reality • Producing news has its methods • Manufacturing news Informational – sports, weather, stocks Event-driven – things that happen Mediated – reporting, opion: related to media ownership Managed – created events

28. Reality or Manufactured Reality and Interpreting Information Marshall & Kingsbury – News and Reality Construction • Manufactured news cont. Media-coloured – magnified, distorted, events Media – dominated – major stories like wars, tsunamis, panics Can you think of examples?

29. Reality or Manufactured Reality and Interpreting Information Tuchman – Making News by Doing Work • News people divide work into hard news, soft news, spot news, developing news, and continuing news • Work scheduled according to type of news • Types depend also on HOW news happens

30. Reality or Manufactured Reality and Interpreting Information Fishman – News and Nonevents. Making the Invisible Visible • News beats and locations • Beats have typical events • Typical events have “phase structures” specific points related to bureaucracy disposition creates news – end point in process policy vs administration non events – things that don’t get covered

31. Reality or Manufactured Reality and Interpreting Information Fishman – News and Nonevents. Making the Invisible Visible “A massive bureaucratic apparatus mediates between happenings in the world and reports of these happening in the media” “Nonevents are occurences that cannot be seen as legitimate events under the interpretive schemes of agency officials”

32. MMC910 Journalism and Society That’s it for tonight. Keep reading • See you Wednesday for MMC911: Block 5 – 121 • Field Trip Story due by email before 6pm • Marked story returned to you by end of Saturday • Form 3 teams for presentations: Local version of international story • Writing exercise in class 3

33. MMC 910 • Report to KV5 – 121 on Monday, March 26 for Midterm Exam: bring laptop or use PC in lab • Ask IT if any problems logging in or using PC • Exam arrives by email as Word document • Bring notes and readings if you like • Do not use quotes longer than a few words • Exam must be emailed to me as Word attachment before 9 pm that evening

34. MMC 911 NO CLASS on Wednesday, March 28 • Field Trip Story #2 due by email by 6 pm, March 28 • Use time to prepare presentations, meet with team, research, catch up on readings

35. MMC 910 and 911 Don’t forget to attend tomorrow evening: KV15-111 Academic Writing and Research