C H A P T E R

1. QUIT 2 C H A P T E R The American Colonies Emerge CHAPTER OBJECTIVE INTERACT WITH HISTORY TIME LINE Spain’s Empire in the Americas 1 SECTION An English Settlement at Jamestown 2 SECTION Puritan New England 3 SECTION Settlement of the Middle Colonies 4 SECTION MAP GRAPH VISUAL SUMMARY

2. CHAPTER OBJECTIVE HOME 2 C H A P T E R The American Colonies Emerge To understand the reasons for the European colonization of the Americas, as well as how the original 13 English colonies took hold in what is now the United States

3. HOME 2 C H A P T E R The American Colonies Emerge I N T E R A C T W I T H H I S T O R Y It is 1607. You are a colonist about to arrive in the land that England has claimed for itself and named Virginia. Although little is known about this place, you look forward to a life of adventure and prosperity. When you arrive, you are met by Native Americans who ask you why you have come to their land. How can a land be shared by two different peoples? Examine the Issues • As a colonist, how does the presence of another people change your expectations? • What obligations does a colonist have to natives who already inhabit the land?

4. TIME LINE HOME 2 C H A P T E R The American Colonies Emerge The Americas The World 1517Martin Luther begins the Protestant Reformation. 1521Hernándo Cortés conquers the Aztec Empire. 1534Parliament declares Henry VIII head of the English church. 1540Coronado explores the American southwest. 1575Spanish settlers establish Saint Augustine, Florida. 1585English colonists establish a colony at Roanoke Island. 1588England defeats the Spanish Armada. 1607John Smith and other colonists establish Jamestown. continued . . .

5. TIME LINE HOME 2 C H A P T E R The American Colonies Emerge The Americas The World 1618The Thirty Years War between Catholics and Protestants begins in central Europe. 1620English “Pilgrims” found Plymouth Colony. 1630English Puritans found the Massachusetts Bay Colony. 1649Oliver Cromwell establishes the Puritan Commonwealth in England. 1660The English monarchy is restored with the accession of Charles II. 1664England takes New Amsterdam from the Dutch. 1681William Penn receives charter for Pennsylvania.

6. 1 S E C T I O N Spain’s Empire in the Americas HOME KEY IDEA Throughout the 1500s and 1600s, the Spanish conquered Central and portions of North America. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

7. 1 S E C T I O N Spain’s Empire in the Americas •conquistador •New Spain •encomienda •mestizo •Popé •New Mexico •Juan Ponce de León •Hernándo Cortés HOME OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW Spanish language, religion, and architecture continue to influence the Americas. Throughout the 1500s and 1600s, the Spanish conquered Central and portions of North America. TERMS & NAMES ASSESSMENT

8. 1 S E C T I O N Spain’s Empire in the Americas ASSESSMENT Spain established a profitable empire in the Americas. HOME 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List four events related to the fact that Spain established a profitable empire in the Americas. Spaniards established the encomienda system. Cortés conquers the Aztec. Spain took gold and silver from Mexico. Many natives died from disease. continued . . .

9. 1 S E C T I O N Spain’s Empire in the Americas ASSESSMENT HOME 2. Do you agree or disagree with this statement? “The Spanish conquest of the Aztecs, which led to the creation of Mexico, was neither a triumph nor a defeat.” Think About: •the actions of the conquistadors •the effects of disease on the native peoples •the encomienda system •the mestizo population in Mexico today ANSWER Agree: Mexico today has a large mestizo population, reflecting mixed Spanish and native heritage. Disagree: As a result of the conquest, native people were depleted by disease and subjugated under a harsh labor system. They had little choice but to submit to Spanish influence. continued . . .

10. 1 S E C T I O N Spain’s Empire in the Americas ASSESSMENT HOME 3. State three main ideas about the Spaniards’ exploration and settlement north of Mexico and their interaction with Native Americans there. ANSWER • Early Spanish explorers failed to find much gold north of Mexico, so settlement was limited to far-flung missions and defensive outposts. • Spanish missionaries provided Native Americans with material goods, education, and protection but sometimes abused them and suppressed their culture. • Some Native Americans converted to Christianity, but others resisted violently. continued . . .

11. 1 S E C T I O N Spain’s Empire in the Americas ASSESSMENT HOME 4. What can you infer from the fact that approximately 17,000 Native Americans from all over New Mexico took part in Popé’s rebellion? ANSWER The Native Americans were well organized. The Spanish priests had alienated a large number of Native Americans during the previous decades. End of Section 1

12. 2 S E C T I O N An English Settlement at Jamestown HOME KEY IDEA The first permanent English settlement in North America was founded at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

13. 2 S E C T I O N An English Settlement at Jamestown •headright system •royal colony •Nathaniel Bacon •John Smith •Jamestown •Powhatan •joint-stock companies •indentured servant HOME OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW The first permanent English settlement in North America was founded at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607. English colonies in Virginia developed into the present states of the southern United States. TERMS & NAMES ASSESSMENT

14. 2 S E C T I O N An English Settlement at Jamestown ASSESSMENT Event Two Event Four Event Six Event Eight Event One Event Three Event Nine Event Five Event Seven HOME 1. List the major developments in the colonization of Virginia. 1609Starving time began. 1618Headright system introduced. 1622Chief Opechancanough led raids on settlers. 1675Fighting erupts between settlers and Native Americans. 1607Jamestown founded. 1612John Rolfe developed new strain of tobacco. 1676Bacon’s Rebellion occurs. 1619First Africans arrived in Virginia as slaves; House of Burgesses first met. 1624James I made Virginia a royal colony. continued . . .

15. 2 S E C T I O N An English Settlement at Jamestown ASSESSMENT HOME 2. The success of tobacco farming in Virginia had wide-ranging effects. Describe its impact on each of these groups: the Jamestown colonists, indentured servants, the Powhatan, the planters. Think About: •the headright system and indentured servitude •the colonists’ need for more land •the conflict between rich and poor colonists ANSWER • For Jamestown colonists, tobacco revived a failing colony. • For indentured servants, tobacco provided the possibility for work and new life but limited long-term prospects. • For the Powhatan, tobacco required much land, and its success led to colonial expansion, which Powhatan attacks did not deter. Planters gained most of tobacco wealth. continued . . .

16. 2 S E C T I O N An English Settlement at Jamestown ASSESSMENT HOME 3. The following lines appear in Michael Drayton’s 1606 poem, “To the Virginian Voyage”: “ When as the luscious smell of that delicious land Above the sea that flows The clear wind throws, Your hearts to swell” What do these lines tell you about the expectations many colonists had before they arrived in Virginia? ANSWER The poem suggests an idealized land, where rich harvests provided a “delicious” smell, the wind is “clear,” and invigorating but not oppressive, and where hopes and dreams are possible. End of Section 2

17. 3 S E C T I O N Puritan New England HOME KEY IDEA English Puritans came to North America, beginning in 1620. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

18. 3 S E C T I O N Puritan New England •John Winthrop •Plymouth Colony •Roger Williams •Pequot War •Metacom •Separatist •Puritans •Massachusetts Bay Colony •Anne Hutchinson •King Philip’s War HOME OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW English Puritans came to North America, beginning in 1620. The United States continues to use an expanded form of representative government begun by the Puritans. TERMS & NAMES ASSESSMENT

19. 3 S E C T I O N Puritan New England ASSESSMENT Cause Effect HOME 1. Identify the effects of each of the causes listed in the chart below. Persecution of Puritans in England Puritan immigration to New England Rapid growth and success of Massachusetts Bay Puritan belief in hard work Williams’s dissenting beliefs Founding of Rhode Island based on his principles Rapid colonial expansion in New England Conflict with Native Americans Defeat of King Phillip End of Native American power in Southeastern New England continued . . .

20. 3 S E C T I O N Puritan New England ASSESSMENT HOME 2. Why do you think Puritan leaders viewed Anne Hutchinson as a threat to their society? Think About: •Puritan beliefs •characteristics of Puritan society •Hutchinson’s teachings ANSWER Puritans believed that their way of worship was the only way, that their leaders carried out God’s will, and that society needed to be tightly knit and behavior strictly controlled. Puritan leaders may have felt especially threatened by Hutchinson’s views because she was a woman and the church and society were male-dominated. continued . . .

21. 3 S E C T I O N Puritan New England ASSESSMENT HOME 3. What were the immediate effects of King Philip’s War for Native Americans and for the settlers? ANSWER Immediate effects included high casualties among colonists and the end of Native American military power in southeastern New England. End of Section 3

22. 4 S E C T I O N Settlement of the Middle Colonies HOME MAP GRAPH KEY IDEA The Dutch settle New Netherland. English Quakers, led by William Penn, settle in Pennsylvania. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

23. 4 S E C T I O N Settlement of the Middle Colonies •William Penn •proprietor •Quakers •New Netherland HOME MAP GRAPH OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW The Dutch settle New Netherland; English Quakers, led by William Penn, settle Pennsylvania. The principles of tolerance and equality promoted in the Quaker settlement remain fundamental values in America. TERMS & NAMES ASSESSMENT

24. 4 S E C T I O N Settlement of the Middle Colonies ASSESSMENT New Netherland only Pennsylvania only HOME MAP GRAPH 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Compare the colonies of New Netherland and Pennsylvania. Founded by the Dutch, built on fur trade Both Attracted colonists from many ethnic groups, practiced religious toleration, became a proprietary colony, established good relations with Native Americans Shaped by Quaker ideals, avoided a land-owning aristocracy continued . . .

25. 4 S E C T I O N Settlement of the Middle Colonies ASSESSMENT HOME MAP GRAPH 2. Why was Ogelthorpe’s prohibition of slavery reversed? ANSWER Oglethorpe’s prohibition was reversed because the colony was not attracting settlers. continued . . .

26. 4 S E C T I O N Settlement of the Middle Colonies ASSESSMENT HOME MAP GRAPH 3. Both New Netherland and Pennsylvania encouraged settlers to come from all over western Europe. Do you think this was a good decision for these colonies? Why or why not? ANSWER Yes: Both colonies prospered, and they both practiced religious toleration. No: The Dutch were unable to hold New Netherland, and the Quakers—on whose principles the “holy experiment” was founded—soon became a minority. continued . . .

27. 4 S E C T I O N Settlement of the Middle Colonies ASSESSMENT HOME MAP GRAPH 4. How did William Penn succeed in achieving his goals for Pennsylvania, and how did he fail? Think About: •Penn’s actions toward Native Americans •Penn’s plans for representative government and freedom of religion •Quakers who owned slaves ANSWER Penn established freedom of religion and a representative assembly, practiced religious tolerance, and maintained peace between colonistsand Native Americans for 50 years. Penn did not profit financially, Quakers became a minority, and slavery was introduced. End of Section 4