Robotics, Mobile Robotics

1. Robotics, Mobile Robotics Cross 11, Tapovan Enclave Nalapani Road, Dehradun 248001 Email: info@iskd.inContact : +918979066357, +919027669947

2. What is Robotics A robot is a machine especially programmable by a computer capable of carrying out a complex series of actions automatically . Robots can be guided by an external control device or the control may be embedded within. Robots may be constructed but most robots are machines designed to perform a task with no regard to how they look. Robotics deals with the design, construction, operation, and use of robots, as well as computer systems for their control, sensory feedback, and information processing. These technologies are used to develop machines that can substitute for humans and replicate human actions.

4. Importance of Robotics As robotics and computers become increasingly prevalent in students lives understanding programming and programming concepts is becoming very important for students' success. Robots are a fun, easy, and effective way to learn about computer programming. Programming a robot has tangible, observable effects. Programming is often too complex for most students to grasp. When students program physical robots, it's easier for them to see what goes wrong as they learn what robots can and cannot do. They learn the skills needed to create precise and accurate instructions and have fun while learning valuable lessons.

5. Father of Robotics Widely known as the father of the modern robotics industry, Engel berger worked closely with inventor George Devol, licensing patents and developing the first industrial robot in the United States under the brand name “Unimate.” Benefits of Robotics Robotsthey can work in any environment, adding to their flexibility. Robots eliminate dangerous jobs for humans because they are capable of working in hazardous environments. They can handle lifting heavy loads, toxic substances, and repetitive tasks. Examples Industrial robots, are often designed to perform repetitive tasks that aren't facilitated by a human-like construction. A robot can be remotely controlled by a human operator, sometimes from a great distance.

6. History

12. Applications • Military robots • Industrial robots • Cobots (collaborative robots) • Construction robots • Agricultural robots • Medical robots • Kitchen automation • Robot combat • Domestic robots • Nano robots • Swarm robotics • Autonomous drones

14. Advantages of Robotics Most robots today are used to do repetitive actions or jobs considered too dangerous for humans. A robot is ideal for going into a building that has a possible bomb. Robots are also used in factories to build things like cars, candy bars, and electronics. Disadvantages of Robotics Disadvantages of robots. The robots needs a supply of power , The people can lose jobs in the factories , They need the maintenance to keep them running , It costs a lot of money to make or buy the robots , The software and the equipment that you need to use with the robot cost much money.

15. Programming Languages for Robotics Basic/Pascal BASIC was designed for beginners (it stands for Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code), which makes it a pretty simple language to start with. Pascal was designed to encourage good programming practices and also introduces constructs like pointers, which makes it a good “stepping stone” from BASIC to a more involved language. Industrial Robot Languages ABB has its RAPID programming language. Kuka has KRL (Kuka Robot Language). Comau uses PDL2, Yaskawa uses INFORM and Kawasaki uses AS. Then, Fanuc robots use Karel, Stäubli robots use VAL3 and Universal Robots use UR Script.

16. LISP LISP is the world's second oldest programming language (FORTRAN is older, but only by one year). It is not as widely used as many of the other programming languages on this list; however, it is still quite important within Artificial Intelligence programming. Parts of ROS are written in LISP, although you don't need to know it to use ROS. Hardware Description Languages (HDLs) Hardware Description Languages are basically a programming way of describing electronics. These languages are quite familiar to some robotists, because they are used to program Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). FPGAs allow you to develop electronic hardware without having to actually produce a silicon chip, which makes them a quicker and easier option for some development.

17. Assembly Assembly allows you to program at "the level of ones and zeros”. This is programming at the lowest level (more or less). In the recent past, most low level electronics required programming in Assembly. MATLAB MATLAB, and its open source relatives, such as Octave, is very popular with some robotic engineers for analyzing data and developing control systems. There is also a very popular Robotics Toolbox for MATLAB. C#/.NET C# is a proprietary programming language provided by Microsoft. I include C#/.NET here largely because of the Microsoft Robotics Developer Studio, which uses it as its primary language.

18. JAVA Java is a high-level programming language developed by Sun Microsystems. ... Instead, Java programs are interpreted by the Java Virtual Machine, or JVM, which runs on multiple platforms. This means all Java programs are multiplatform and can run on different platforms, including Macintosh, Windows, and Unix computers. PYTHON Python is an interpreted, object-oriented programming language similar to PERL, that has gained popularity because of its clear syntax and readability.

19. C/C++ C is a high-level programming language that was developed in the mid-1970s. ...C++, pronounced "C plus plus," is a programming language that was built off the C language. The syntax of C++ is nearly identical to C, but it has object-oriented features, which allow the programmer to create objects within the code

20. Drone Robot A Drone, in a technological context, is an unmanned aircraft. essentially, a drone is a flying robot. The aircrafts may be remotely controlled or can fly autonomously through software-controlled flight plans in their embedded systems working in conjunction with onboard sensors and GPS. Who invented Drone The U.S. military had experimented with pilotless airplanes as “aerial torpedoes” or flying bombs as far back as the first world war, but with no great success—until the Vietnam war, when jet-propelled, camera-equipped drones built by Teledyne-Ryan were launched and controlled from U.S. Air Force C-130s on.

22. Difference between Robot and Drone Drone and Robot are two terms, which are totally different from each other. Drone is commonly known as Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). It is an aircraft without a human pilot on plank. The vehicle is controlled automatically by computers, or it can also be operated by the remote control. Uses of Drone Drones have had numerous uses in the defense, military, tactical, and modern warfare world. These unmanned aerial systems are used to the air strikes purpose. They travel around suspected locations as controlled from the navy individual and they are operated in certain areas to fulfill army operations of government.

23. Mobile Robotics A mobile robot is a robot that is capable of locomotion. Mobile robotics is usually considered to be a subfield of robotics and information engineering. Mobile robots have the capability to move around in their environment and are not fixed to one physical location. Mobile robots have become more commonplace in commercial and industrial settings. Hospitals have been using autonomous mobile robots to move materials for many years. Warehouses have installed mobile robotic systems to efficiently move materials from stocking shelves to order fulfillment zones. Mobile robots are also a major focus of current research and almost every major university has one or more labs that focus on mobile robot research. Mobile robots are also found in industrial, military and security settings. Domestic robots are consumer products, including entertainment robots and those that perform certain household tasks such as vacuuming or gardening.

25. Components The components of a mobile robot are a controller, control software, sensors and actuators. The controller is generally a microprocessor, embedded microcontroller or a personal computer (PC). Mobile control software can be either assembly level language or high-level languages such as C, C++, Pascal, Fortran or special real-time software. The sensors used are dependent upon the requirements of the robot. The requirements could be dead reckoning, tactile and proximity sensing, triangulation ranging, collision avoidance, position location and other specific applications.

26. Classification Mobile robots may be classified by: • The environment in which they travel: • Land or home robots are usually referred to as Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs). They are most commonly wheeled or tracked, but also include legged robots with two or more legs (humanoid, or resembling animals or insects). • Delivery & Transportation robots can move materials and supplies through a work environment • Aerial robots are usually referred to as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) • Underwater robots are usually called autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) • Polar robots, designed to navigate icy, crevasse filled environments • The device they use to move, mainly: • Legged robot human-like legs (i.e. an android) or animal-like legs. • Wheeled robot. • Tracks

27. Types of Mobile Robots A custom robot design often starts with a "vision" of what the robot will look like and what it will do. The types of robots possible are unlimited, though the more popular are: • Land-based wheeled robot • Land-based tracked robot • Land-based legged robot • Air-based: plane, helicopter, blimp • Water-based; boat, submarine • Misc. and combination robot • Stationary robot (arm, manipulator etc.)

28. wheeled robot Wheels are by far the most popular method of providing robot mobility and are used to propel many different sized robots and robotic platforms. Wheels can be just about any size, from fractions of an inch to 10 to 12 inches. Tabletop robots tend to have the smallest wheels, usually less than 2 inches in diameter. Robots can have just about any number of wheels, although 3 and 4 are the most common. Normally a three wheeled robot uses two wheels and a caster at one end. More complex two wheeled robots use gyroscopic stabilization. It is rare that a wheeled robot use anything but skid steering (like that of a tank). Rack and pinion steering such as that found on a car requires too many parts and its complexity and cost outweigh most of its advantages.

29. Advantages Usually low-cost - Simple design and construction - Near infinite different dimensions cater to your specific project - Six wheels can replace a track system - Diameter, width, material, weight, tread etc. can all be custom to your needs - Excellent choice for beginners Disadvantages May lose traction (slip) - Small contact area (small rectangle or line)

31. Tracks  Tracks (or treads) are similar to what tanks use. Track drive is best for robots used outdoors and on soft ground. Although tracks do not provide added "force", they do reduce slip and more evenly distribute the weight of the robot, making them useful for loose surfaces such as sand and gravel. Most people tend to agree that tank tracks add an "aggressive" look to the robot as well. Advantages Constant contact with the ground prevents slipping that might occur with wheels - Evenly distributed weight helps your robot tackle a variety of surfaces Disadvantages When turning, there is a sideways force that acts on the ground; this can cause damage to the surface the robot is being used on, and cause the tracks to wear. - Not many different tracks are available (robot is usually constructed around the tracks) - Increased mechanical complexity and connections

33. Legs An increasing number of robots use legs for mobility. Legs are often preferred for robots that must navigate on very uneven terrain. Most amateur robots are designed with six legs, which allow the robot to be statically balanced (balanced at all times on 3 legs). Robots with fewer legs are harder to balance. Researchers have experimented with monopod (one legged "hopping") designs, though bipeds (two legs) and quadrupeds (four legs) and hexapods (6 legs) are most popular. Advantages Closer to organic/natural motion - Can potentially overcome large obstacles and navigate very rough terrain Disadvantages Increased mechanical, electronic and coding complexity - Lower battery size despite increased power demands - Higher cost to build

35. Air-based An AUAV (Autonomous Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) is very appealing and is entirely within the capability of many robot enthusiasts. However, the advantages of building an autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles, especially if you are a beginner, have yet to outweigh the risks. High-altitude AUAV blimps and aircraft may one day be used for communication. When considering an aerial vehicle, most hobbyists still use existing commercial remote controlled aircraft. Aircraft such as the US military Predator were initially semi-autonomous though in recent years Predator aircraft have flown missions autonomously. • Advantages Remote controlled aircraft have been in existence for decades (good community) - Excellent for surveillance • Disadvantages Entire investment can be lost in one crash. - Very limited robotic community to provide help for autonomous control

37. Water-based An increasing number of hobbyists, institutions and companies are developing unmanned underwater vehicles. There are many obstacles yet to overcome to make underwater robots attractive to the wider robotic community though in recent years, several companies have commercialized pool cleaning robots. Underwater vehicles can use ballast (compressed air and flooded compartments), thrusters, tail and fins or even wings to submerge. Other aquatic robots such as pool cleaners are useful commercial products. Advantages Most of our planet is water - Design is almost guaranteed to be unique - Can be used and/or tested in a pool Disadvantages Robot can be lost many ways (sinking, leaking, tangled...) - Most electronic parts do not like water (also consider water falling on electronics when accessing the robot after a dive) - Surpassing depths of 10m or more can require significant research and investment - Very limited robotic community to provide help - Limited wireless communication options

39. Miscellaneous and combination / hybrid Your idea for a robot may not fall nicely into any of the above categories or may be comprised of several different functional sections. Note again that this guide is intended for mobile robots as opposed to stationary or permanently fixed designs (other than robotic arms and grippers). It is wise to consider when building a combination / hybrid design, to use a modular design (each functional part can be taken off and tested separately). Miscellaneous designs can include hovercraft, snake-like designs, turrets and more. Advantages Designed and built to meet specific needs - Multi-tasking and can be comprised of modules - Can lead to increased functionality and versatility • Disadvantages Increased complexity and cost - Often times parts must be custom designed and built

41. Arms & Grippers Although these do not fall under the category of "mobile" robotics, the field of robotics essentially started with arms and end-effectors (devices that attach to the end of an arm such as grippers, magnets etc). Arms and grippers are the best way for a robot to interact with the environment it is exploring. Simple robot arms can have just one motion, while more complex arms can have a dozen or more unique degrees of freedom. Advantages Very simple to very complex design possibilities - Easy to make a 3 or 4 degree of freedom robot arm (two joints and turning base) Disadvantages Stationary unless mounted on a mobile platform - Cost to build is proportional to lifting capability