Avoiding Plagiarism

1. Avoiding Plagiarism and Using APA Format

2. What is plagiarism? Using other people’s ideas or research without giving them credit Theft of intellectual property Cheating – using someone else’s work See the ASU Catalog or Student Handbook for more information and consequences

3. Examples of plagiarism Copying or paraphrasing from a source without crediting the author Using another person’s words or ideas as if they were your own Copying another student’s work Quoting from another person without indicating that it is a quotation Summarizing information from another source without indicating where it came from “Cutting and pasting” from an online source or the Internet without citing the source Copying an image from the Internet and inserting it in a presentation without giving the source Handing in a paper to one class that you wrote and handed in for an earlier class

4. Common Ways to Use Information from a Source Quoting -- Direct quotes from a source Paraphrasing – Summarizing or rewording information from a source Borrowing – Using ideas, concepts, organizational patterns, themes, motifs, etc.

5. To avoid plagiarism … • Credit (cite) all your sources • In the text • In the reference list or bibliography

6. Some style formats MLA – for language and literature CBE – for biology/life sciences Chicago – for history Turabian – for history and humanities APA – for behavior sciences Bluebook – for law

7. College of Business style ASU College of Business requires APA style Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th edition) Concise Rules of APA Style (6th edition) Note: 6th edition was published in July 2009; check with your other professors to verify which edition they want you to use

8. What to cite in your paper • According to APA: • cite the work of those individuals whose ideas, theories, or research have directly influenced your work. They may provide key background information, support or dispute your thesis, or offer critical definitions and data. … In addition to crediting the ideas of others that you used to build your thesis, provide documentation for all facts and figures that are not common knowledge. (APA, 2009, p. 171)

9. APA In-text citation format Author-date system Give last name of the author and date of publication for every source Include page numbers or paragraph numbers for exact quotes

10. Example: Exact quote Zuckerman (2006) has shown that the value of a college degree has increased dramatically in the past century. “The income gap between college graduates and those without university degrees doubled between 1979 and 1997. In the 1930s and 1940s, only half of all American chief executives had college degrees. Now virtually all do” (p. 71).

11. Example: Paraphrase The value of a college degree has increased dramatically in the past century. The difference in income between people with college degrees and those without has doubled since 1980, and almost all American CEOs now have college degrees (Zuckerman, 2006).

12. Example: Quote, no author or page numbers A study conducted at Florida International University found that “the present value of future after-tax earnings plus fringe benefits for the average high school graduate comes in at almost $1 million. For the average college graduate, the value of earnings plus benefits—less the cost of tuition and the loss of four years of earnings while attending college—doubles to approximately $2 million” (“New study,” 2007, para. 10).

13. Example: Personal interview Tax specialist J. Lasky emphasized the importance of continuing professional education for tax accountants (personal communication, July 15, 2007).

14. The reference list Includes all sources used in the text of the paper except personal communications Arranged alphabetically by author’s last name or title of work (if no author given)

15. In-text to Reference list correspondence • Text: • …and almost all American CEOs now have college degrees (Zuckerman, 2006). • Reference list: • Zuckerman, M. (2006, June 12). Rich man, poor man. U.S. News & World Report, 71-72.

16. Typical information for citations Author(s) Date of publication Title of the work you are citing If you are citing something that appeared in a larger work (like a chapter or article), the title of the larger work For an article, the volume (and issue) of the magazine or journal For a book, the publisher and place of publication For an edited book, the name of the editor For an article or book chapter, the page numbers For an Internet source, the URL

17. Points to remember Authors – always list by last name and initials, not full name. If the source has multiple authors (up to six), list all of them. Capitalization – article, chapter, or book titles: capitalize only the first word of the title, first word of the subtitle, and any proper nouns or adjectives are capitalized. Journal titles: capitalize all important words. Double-space and use hanging indent

18. Example: Books Standard form: Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Location: Publisher. Example: Scott, D.M. (2005). Cashing in with content: How innovative marketers use digital information to turn browsers into buyers. Medford, NJ: Information Today/CyberAge Books.

19. Example: E-books Standard format: Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Location: Publisher. Retrieved from URL Example: Robert, M., & Racine, B. (2001). E-strategy pure and simple: Connecting your internet strategy to your business strategy. New York: McGraw-Hill. Retrieved from http://www.netlibrary.com

20. Example: Scholarly Articles Standard format: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of periodical, volume number(issue number), pages. Example: Howell, R.A. (2004). Turn your budgeting process upside down. Harvard Business Review, 82(7/8): 21-22.

21. Example: Daily or weekly publication Standard format: Author, A. A. (Year, month day). Title of article. Title of periodical, volume, pages. Example: Williamson, E., Farnam, T.W., & Mullins, B. (2009, July 1). Finance lobby cut spending as feds targeted Wall Street. Wall Street Journal (Eastern ed.), pp. A1, A10.

22. Example: Internet periodical Standard format: Author, A. A. (Date). Title of article. Title of periodical, volume, pages. Retrieved from URL Example: El-Erian, M.A. (2009, May 21). Life after the financial crisis. BusinessWeek. Retrieved from http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/09_22/b4133073646280.htm

23. Example: Article with no author given Standard format: Title of article. (Date). Title of periodical, volume, pages. Example: Study looks at trends in online banking. (2009, February 13). Credit Union Journal, 13(7):18.

24. Example: Page from website Standard format: Page title. (Date). Website title. Retrieved from URL Example: History. (2009). John Deere company information. Retrieved from http://www.deere.com/en_US/compinfo/history/index.html

25. Example: Web page, organization as author Standard format: Name of organization. (Date). Web document title. Retrieved from URL Example: U.S. Department of State. Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs. (2009, April). Background note: Belize. Retrieved from http://www.state.gov/ r/pa/ei/bgn/1955.htm

26. Parts of the APA-style paper Title page Abstract Body of the paper Reference list Tables Appendices

27. Some specifics – Running head Running head – a shortened version of the title Appears on each page, with page number Starts on title page (page 1)

28. Some specifics - References Placed at end of paper Headed References Entries arranged alphabetically by author (or by title, if no author is given) When you have several items by the same author, arrange these (1) alphabetically and (2) chronologically Use hanging indent

29. Some specifics - Headings Level 1: Centered, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading Level 2: Flush Left, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading Level 3: Indented, boldface, lowercase, heading ending with a period. Level 4: Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase heading ending with a period. Level 5: Indented, italicized, lowercase heading ending with a period.

30. Some specifics – writing style Logical organization Correct grammar Smooth transitions Interesting tone Concise language Precise word choice Third person Bias-free language

31. For more information, details, rules and examples • Concise Rules of APA Style • Publication Manual of the APA • Copies available at the ASU Library or through bookstores • Questions? Contact your professor or the ASU Library • Mary Aquila, mary.aquila@athens.edu • refdesk@athens.edu or 256-216-6650