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Chapter 10. Emotions. Chapter Outline. Defining Emotions Classical Ideas About the Origins of Emotion Universal Emotions and Facial Expressions Social Emotions Summary. Defining Emotions. Emotions are not easy to define.
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Chapter 10 Emotions
Chapter Outline • Defining Emotions Classical Ideas About the Origins of Emotion • Universal Emotions and Facial Expressions • Social Emotions • Summary
Defining Emotions • Emotions are not easy to define. • Terms that are synonymous with emotion include sentiment, affect, mood, and feelings.
Affect • Affect is a general label that encompasses any kind of evaluation of an object. • Affect varies in direction, intensity, and activity. • Can be short-lived (ex: after being the target of an insult) • Or enduring (ex: pleasant association with the Christmas season)
Emotions • Emotions are thought of as short-lived reactions to a stimulus outside of the individual that involve both physiological and cognitive reactions. • Emotions are also intimately related to goals. • Various culturally defined combinations produce what we think of, and experience as an emotion
Emotions • Emotions include: • Situational stimulus (ex: being slapped) • Physiological changes (Ex: elevated temperature and heart rate) • Expressive gesturing of some kind (ex: furrowed brow and clenched fist) • A label to identify a cluster of the first three (ex: anger)
Sentiment • Sentiments are steeped in the social characteristics of the situation. • Sentiment relies on the responses of the individual to the stimulus and how that stimulus is understood by other human beings. • Close to emotion but emphasizes more the social parts of the emotional response not the physiological
Moods • A mood is a general psychological condition that characterizes our experience and emotional orientation for hours or even days. • Moods are considerably less specific than emotions.
Darwin and Emotion • Darwin thought if humans and other animals had common ancestors they ought to have similarities in emotional expression. • The theory Darwin developed about emotional expression was based on similarities across cultures and species. • If some emotions and expressions of them were universal, they must be genetically encoded.
James and Lange and Emotion • More concerned with the sources of emotions • Developed a physiological notion of emotion in which physical changes occurred first and then were cognitively processed and interpreted as emotion.
Freud and Emotion • Focused on how emotions could be developed unconsciously and how past experience affected the experience of emotion.
Universal Emotions and Facial Expressions If involuntary facial expressions are • produced by the same emotional state across individuals and are • identified by observers as meaning the same thing then • we can believe they are universal expressions of emotions.
Cultural Differences • Even if some basic emotions are expressed similarly across cultures, there are strong cultural influences that can suppress, exaggerate, or change the display of these emotions.
Display Rules • Cultural norms about emotional expression norms that deal with how we must modify our facial expressions to make them fit social situations. • Display rules are typically learned in childhood and become habits that automatically control facial muscles.
Display Rules • Display rules may require modifying facial expressions of emotion in several ways: • Greater intensity in expression • Less intensity in expression • Complete neutralization of expression • Masking one emotion with a different one
Collectivist and Individualist Cultures • Collectivist cultures process and display emotion in ways that protect and reinforcement social bonds. • Individualist cultures display emotions in ways that broadcast individual states and draw attention to the individual as the key social unit.
Cognitive Labeling Theory • Proposes that emotional experience is the result of a three step sequence: • An event in the environment produces a physiological reaction. • We notice the reaction and search for an appropriate explanation. • By examining situational cues, we find an emotional label for the reaction.
Social Emotions • Emotions that cannot be understood or even defined without reference to the social world. • Social emotions: • Involve an awareness of oneself in the social context. • Emerge out of interaction. • Are often experienced in reference to a societal standard.
5 Social Emotions • Guilt • Shame • Jealousy • Empathy • Love
Emotional Intelligence • The theory that an individual’s ability to understand the emotional content in social interactions constitutes a unique dimension of intelligence that is substantially different from intelligences measured by IQ.
Emotion Work and Feeling Rules • Emotion work attempts to change the intensity or quality of our feelings to bring them into line with the requirements of the occasion. • Emotion work occurs because we are subject to feeling rules—rules that dictate what people with our role identities ought to feel in a given situation.
