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Start of Part 3

Start of Part 3. Eric W. Harris, PhD. Basic Functional Subdivision of Neurons. But, of course, there are exceptions – e.g., action potentials can originate from axon terminals and “back propagate”. “Integration” of excitatory inputs.

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Start of Part 3

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  1. Start of Part 3 Eric W. Harris, PhD.

  2. Basic Functional Subdivision of Neurons But, of course, there are exceptions – e.g., action potentials can originate from axon terminals and “back propagate”

  3. “Integration” of excitatory inputs http://web.lemoyne.edu/~hevern/psy340_11S/lectures/psy340.03.1.synapse.outline.html

  4. Basic Functional Subdivision of Neurons But, of course, there are exceptions – e.g., action potentials can originate from axon terminals and “back propagate”

  5. How neurons send a signal – Pt. 1 The “Action Potential” • http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s1/chapter01.html

  6. Basic Functional Subdivision of Neurons But, of course, there are exceptions – e.g., action potentials can originate from axon terminals and “back propagate”

  7. How neurons send a signal – Part 2: Synaptic Transmission http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SynapseIllustration2.png

  8. Analogies of how neurons work

  9. Neurotransmitters • Glutamate, Aspartate - major excitatory neurotransmitters in the brain • GABA - major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain • Acetylcholine - many different actions in the brain; neuromuscular junction transmitter • Serotonin – many different actions; associated with mood, sleep, perception (LSD) • Dopamine – many different effects; associated with reward, attention, movement (PD) • Opioid peptides (endorphins) – modulate pain signals • Substance P – pain signaling • Many others…

  10. Summary of basic information processing in the brain Action Potential Synapse… Action Potential http://biomedicalengineering.yolasite.com/neurons.php

  11. But it’s not so simple - Excitation and Inhibition http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s1/introduction.html

  12. Physiological plasticity • Synapses are not static: • With repeated use can show “habituation” • With intense use can become stronger (“long-term potentiation”) • Simultaneous strong inputs can potentiate each other (“fire together, wire together”) Harris & Cotman, 1986

  13. Electroencephalography (EEG) Synaptic currents create a small electrical field along a neuron If neurons are lined up, the electric fields add together. Using electrodes placed on the scalp and sensitive amplifiers… …one can record “brain waves”! x http://quizlet.com/4239544/cog-sci-chapter-2-flash-cards/ http://www.acm.org/conferences/sac/sac2000/Proceed/FinalPapers/BC-07/ http://www.brightmindsinstitute.com/blog/ http://apotential.wordpress.com/2012/07/11/the-neurologist-explains-eegs-to-me/

  14. Quantitative EEG (QEEG) EEG can be “de-convoluted” to find and measure the underlying components, e.g.: EEG is the sum of many brain waves, like this: QEEG data can be looked at many ways, For example: 0 Frequency (Hz) http://simetronsac.com/dx_eeg2.php scidavis.sourceforge.net/manual/c4166.html newsoffice.mit.edu/2012/faster-fourier-transforms-0118

  15. And then there are glial cells… Astrocyte – various supportive functions Oligodendrocyte - makes myelin

  16. The building blocks – Neurons and Glial Cells Miriam Ascagni, DIBIT San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Italy, 2010 http://www.nedsahin.com/methods/fmri/ Del Rio-Hortega, 1920 Ramon y Cajal, 1899

  17. Good sources of info about the brain, • The Society for Neuroscience (www.sfn.org) – in particular, “Brain Briefings” • “The Brain Science Podcast” – not for total beginners • The Dana Foundation www.dana.org • http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/neurok.html (“Neuroscience for Kids”) • http://medicalxpress.com/neuroscience-news/ There is LOTS of new information every day…

  18. Thank you for your attention Questions? Comments?

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