THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

1. THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

2. The Endocrine System is a collection of glands that produces hormones that regulates your body's growth, metabolism, and sexual development and function. The hormones are released into the bloodstream and transported to tissues and organs throughout your body.

3. What are the different glands that compose the Endocrine system and the hormones that they secrete?

7. Glands – special organs in the body that make and store fluids that the body needs <==

8. HORMONE – chemical substance that controls growth and development and functions of the body. - fluid that is directly release in the bloodstream. <==

9. Hypothalamus Gland • it is a part of the brain that serves as a link between the endocrine system and the nervous system. • The hormones it secrets stimulate or inhibit the pituitary gland from releasing its hormones. • The hypothalamus senses when the level of a certain hormone is low.

10. Hormone: • Oxytocin – it stimulates the contraction of the uterus when the mother is in labor. - responsible for the release of milk from the breast

11. Pituitary Gland • known as the master gland because it produces several hormones that control the function of the other glands. But it is under the control of the hypothalamus gland.

12. Hormones: • Growth hormone – stimulates bone growth • Thyroid-stimulating hormone – controls the metabolism and growth and development of the body ◊ Prolactin – promotes milk production in mothers ◊ Sex gland stimulating hormone

13. Pineal Gland • Is a small endocrine gland located near the center of the brain

14. Hormone: • Melatonin – promotes the development of the ovaries and testes

15. Thyroid Gland • are stimulated by the thyroid- stimulating hormone from the pituitary gland in order to produce the secretions.

16. Hormones: • Thyroxin – controls or regulates how fast the body burns up food to produce energy or metabolic rate - stimulates the growth and mental development ◊ Calcitonin – decreases the amount of calcium in the blood

17. The Parathyroid Glands • are composed of four small glands in the neck.

18. Hormone: • Parathormone – increases the amount of calcium in the blood - it stimulates the intestines to speed up absorption of calcium - also stimulates the bones to release more calcium into the blood

19. The Thymus Gland • is an organ found in the chest. It is found above and in front of the heart. • Babies are born with large thymus but when they reached adulthood, the thymus has nearly disappeared.

20. Hormone: • Thymosin – stimulates the development of the lymphatic tissues of the lymphatic system which help the body fight against diseases and producing antibodies

21. Adrenal Glands • are two small organs each found on top of the kidney

22. Hormones: • Aldosterone – helps regulate metabolism and maintain water balance ◊ Adrenaline – helps the body cope with emergencies ◊ Cortisol – helps the body fight infections

23. Pancreas • is a gland in the abdomen near the stomach. It has a group of special cells that secrete hormones called the Islets of Langerhans. These groups of cells in the Islets of Langerhans are called Alpha cells and the beta cells.

24. Hormone: • Alpha cells secrete: - Glucagon – stimulates the liver to change the stored glycogen to glucose to release it into the blood.(raises blood sugar level) ◊ Beta Cells secrete: - Insulin – facilitates the transport of glucose into the cells. (lowers blood sugar level) * These 2 hormones are important in maintaining the normal sugar or glucose level in the blood.

25. Gonads or sex glands • The primary reproductive organs of the male and female, the ovaries and testes.

26. Male hormone • Testosterone – stimulates the production of sperm and promotes the development of the secondary sex characteristics such as broadening of shoulders, muscular development and the growth of beard and moustache.

27. Female hormones: • Estrogen – responsible for the development of the secondary sex characteristics, such as development of the breasts and widening of hips ◊ Progesterone – regulates the uterus lining during menstruation, also regulates the maintenance of the uterus during pregnancy

28. GLANDS HORMONES - Oxytocin HYPOTHALAMUS • Growth Hormone • Prolactin • Thyroid-stimulating hormone • Sex-gland stimulating hormone PITUITARY - Melatonin PINEAL • Thyroxin • Calcitonin THYROID - Parathormone PARATHYROID - Thymosin THYMUS • Aldosterone - Adrenaline - Cortisol ADRENAL PANCREAS • Insulin - Glucagon GONADS (Sex Glands) - Testosterone A. TESTES (Male) - Estrogen - Progesterone B. OVARIES (Female)

30. DISEASES • Giantism/Gigantism • Dwarfism • Acromegaly • Hypothyroidism • Hyperthyroidism • Cretinism • Diabetes

31. Giantism/Gigantism -excessive growth and height (2.4 -2.7 m) significantly above average caused by over-production of growth hormone

32. Dwarfism - lack of growth hormone, usually due to malfunction of the pituitary gland • Midgets-adults with height of less than 4 ft 10 in (1.2 m)

33. Acromegaly - A chronic disease of adults marked by enlargement of the bones of the extremities, face, and jaw that is caused by overactivity of the pituitary gland.

34. Hypothyroidism - underproductivity of the thyroid due to lack of iodine in the diet that is necessary for the production of thyroid gland - goiter(enlargement of the thyroid glands)

35. Hyperthyroidism - overproductivity of thyroid gland. -Symptoms are increased appetite, weight loss, dry skin, toxic goiter development and the eyes bulging

36. Cretinism - a deficiency in thyroxin during the development of a fetus which causes short in height and mentally retarded

37. Diabetes Mellitus • Pancreas produces little or no insulin. • Hyperglycemia (too much sugar, lack insulin) • Hypoglycemia (less sugar, too much insulin)

38. Proper Care • Take a bath regularly or wash the body organs as often as possible. • Eat the right kind of food. • Avoid eating too much sweet and fatty foods. • Drink lots of liquids. • Have enough rest and sleep. • Have a regular exercise.