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Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration. Honors Biology 2012. Comprehension Check. What types of organisms need energy? What types of organisms can make their own energy?. Cellular Respiration:. DEFINITION: Complex process in which cells break down organic compounds to make ATP (ADP +  ATP)

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Cellular Respiration

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  1. Cellular Respiration Honors Biology 2012

  2. Comprehension Check What types of organisms need energy? What types of organisms can make their own energy?

  3. Cellular Respiration: • DEFINITION: Complex process in which cells break down organic compounds to make ATP (ADP +  ATP) • We feel hungry because food provides us energy, the biochemical pathway that allows us to get energy from our food is cellular respiration. Equation for Cellular Respiration: • FACT: A working muscle cell converts ADP to ATP at a rate of 10 million molecules per second. 602 + C6H1206 6CO2 +6H2O +Energy

  4. Main Reactions in Cellular Respiration (depending on presence of O2)

  5. Overview of Glycolysis Glycolysis: Biochemical pathway which begins both types of cellular respiration. • Occurs in cytosol of cell • Breaks down one glucose into two 3-carbon molecules of pyruvic acid (pyruvate) ** Note: 2 ATP’s were used in step 1, but 4 ATP’s were made in step 4. This is called a NET GAIN of 2 ATP Glycolysis Animation

  6. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION • Glycolysis • Fermentation: absence of oxygen, some organisms can convert pyruvic acid into another 3-carbon compound, but NO ADDITIONAL ATP ARE FORMED Energy released from anaerobic respiration: • 2 ATP molecules released by glycolysis • 0 ATP result because of fermentation • TOTAL ENERGY GAIN = 2 ATP • This is only 3.5% of all the energy stored in a single glucose molecule • Much of energy originally contained in glucose is still held in the bonds that make up pyruvic acid

  7. Alcoholic Fermentation • Process where yeast and bacteria convert pyruvic acid into ethyl alcohol and CO2 • No ATP are gained (regenerates NAD+ for glycolysis) • Basis of the wine, beer, and baking industries

  8. Lactic Acid Fermentation • Enzyme reactions convert pyruvic acid into another 3-carbon compound, lactic acid • No ATP are gained • LAF occurs in your muscle cells • Once oxygen is available, the body converts lactic acid back to pyruvic acid in our liver

  9. AEROBIC RESPIRATION Stage 1: GLYCOLYSIS Stage 2: KREBS CYCLE / CITRIC ACID CYCLE Stage 3: Electron Transport Chain • Requires oxygen to be present • Produces 20 times more ATP than Glycolysis alone! • Prokaryotes can do it, but it occurs in the cytosol • Eukaryotes have mitochondria (matrix and cristae) for this specific purpose

  10. AEROBIC RESPIRATION Krebs Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle -Pyruvic acid produced by glycolysis enters mitochondrion -Krebs Cycle occurs in mitochondrial matrix -2 pyruvic acid  2 acetyl CoA  Citric Acid -The cycle begins and ends with citric acid -Krebs Cycle produces NADH, FADH2, and ATP Steps to the Krebs Cycle • Acetyl CoA combines with Oxaloacetic Acid to form 6-carbon Citric Acid • Citric Acid releases CO2 and H to form a 5-carbon compound • 5-carbon compound releases another CO2 and H to form a 4-carbon compound • 4-carbon compound releases H to regenerate oxaloacetic Acid • Krebs Cycle runs 2x (1x for each acetyl CoA) • There is a net gain of 2 ATP http://people.unt.edu/~hds0006/tca/index.htm Citric Acid Oxaloacetic Acid

  11. Electron Transport Chain • Electrons pass through molecules in cristae towards a lower energy level to final electron acceptor, oxygen • NADH and FADH2 supply protons (H+) which make ATP through chemiosmosis • In matrix, H+ combines with oxygen to form water and use the extra H+ floating around • 34 ATP are gained

  12. Aerobic Respiration Energy Yield • 38 ATP from a single glucose molecule • 2 ATP in glycolysis (made 4, but used 2) • 2 ATP in Krebs cycle • 34 ATP in ETC • This total varies from cell to cell, and is usually only 36 ATP per glucose molecule • Plant and animal cells spend 2 ATP in moving products though membranes and only net 36 ATP per 1 molecule of glucose • 66% efficient at releasing the energy in the molecule • 20X more efficient than anaerobic respiration

  13. Energy and Exercise ATP comes from: Cellular Respiration (long term) Lactic Acid Fermentation (short term) Muscle storage (short term) Why are you “out of breath” after strenuous exercise?

  14. Comprehension Check Anaerobic Respiration STAGES # of ATP Gained 1. ___________ _____ 2. ___________ _____ TOTAL: _____ Aerobic Respiration STAGES # of ATP Gained 1. _____________ _____ 2. _____________ _____ 3. _____________ _____ TOTAL: _____

  15. SUMMARY Anaerobic Respiration STAGES # of ATP Gained 1. GLYCOLYSIS2 2. FERMENTATION0 TOTAL: 2 Aerobic Respiration STAGES # of ATP Gained 1. GLYCOLYSIS2 2. KREBS CYCLE2 3. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN 34 TOTAL: 38

  16. Review Animations • Overall Review: http://www.qcc.cuny.edu/BiologicalSciences/Faculty/DMeyer/respiration.html • Glycolysis: http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/Courses/biomi290/MOVIES/GLYCOLYSIS.HTML • Overview of Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0078617022/164155/00053412.html

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