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This lesson focuses on the development of Nursing Science during the early and late 20th century as the study of nursing evolved from the works of Florence Nightingale, especially during the Crimean War.
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Nursing at its beginning INTUITIVE • Practice during the prehistoric, nursing was untaught, rendered by the mothers (by intuition) • Beliefs about the cause of disease were embedded in superstition and magic. • Earliest recording of healing was a 4,000 year-old clay tablet attributed to the Sumerian civilization
SHAMANS INCANTATIONS – magic spells TREPHININGS – boring a hole into a skull, without anesthesia, to release evil spirits
CONTRIBUTIONS TO MEDICINE AND NURSING • EGYPTIANS – Art of embalming, anatomy and physiology • BABYLONIANS – Bill of Rights, Code of Hammurabi (made by King Hammurabi which include freedom to refuse treatment), medical fee (1900BC) • ISRAEL – Moses- Father of Sanitation, art of circumcision • CHINA – Material Medica, book of pharmacology. Chinese put girls clothes on male infants to drive evil forces away.. • INDIA – Shushurutu – list of function of the nurse – combination of masseur, caregiver
GREECE and ROME – mythology. • Asklepios – Greek God and Chief healer • Epigone – soother • Hygea – Goddess of health • African – nurses as midwives, herbalists and caregivers for the children and elderly. • Christians – “Good Samaritan”
APPRENTICE (6th - 18th century) • Also called the period of “on the job training” • Experienced (through trial and error) nurse teaches new volunteer nurses who usually came from religious orders • This historical period extends from the founding of religious nursing orders in the 6th century, through the Crusades which began in the 11th century, to 1836 when Theodore Fliedner reinstituted the Order of Deaconess and opened a small hospital and training school in Kaiserswerth, Germany • Florence Nightingale was the most famous Kaiserswerth pupil; she changed the status of nursing to a respectable occupation for women
DARK PERIOD OF NURSING • 17th to 18th century • Nursing care given by criminals and women of low moral standards • Ended in 1836 with the establishment of the Kaiserswerth institute for the Deaconesses in Germany by pastor Theodor Fliedner
EDUCATED • Began in June 1860 when the Florence Nightingale School of Nursing opened at St. Thomas Hospital in London; this school had the first program of formal education for the nurse. • The Philosophy of the Nightingale’s System was based on the following: • training of nurses should be considered as important as any other form of education and be supported by public funds. • training schools for nurses should have close affiliation with hospitals but retain financial and administrative independence from them. • professional nurses should be responsible for the education of nursing students rather than persons not involved in nursing • nursing students should be provided with residence during their training which offer them pleasant, comfortable surroundings close to the hospital.
CONTEMPORARY • Modern nursing practice • The role of nurses became more defined depending on the different fields of expertise as time progressed.
EARLY BELIEFS AND PRACTICES Mysticism and Superstitions The cause of a disease was primarily believed to be due to either another person, whom which was an enemy, or a witch or evil spirits. • Word doctors - priest physician • Herbolarios – uses leaves and roots • Herbicheros – (herb men) meaning one who practiced witchcraft • Mabutinghilot – midwives assisted in childbirth
HEALTH CARE DURING THE SPANISH REGIME - simple nutrition, wound care, and taking care of an ill member of the family. 1578 - male nurses were acknowledged as Spanish Friars’ assistants for caring sick individuals in the hospital. These male nurses were referred as practicante or enfermero. The religious orders exerted their efforts to care for the sick by building hospitals in different parts of the Philippines.
Earliest Hospitals in the Philippines Hospital Real de Manila (1577) – it was established mainly to care for the Spanish king’s soldiers, but also admitted Spanish civilians; founded by Gov. Francisco de Sande. San Lazaro Hospital (1578) – founded by Brother Juan Clemente and was administered for many years by the Hospitalliers of San Juan de Dios; built exclusively for patients with leprosy. Hospital de Indios (1586) – established by the Franciscan Order; service was in general supported by alms and contributions from charitable persons. Hospital de AguasSantas (1590) – established in Laguna; near a medicinal spring, founded by Brother J. Bautista of the Franciscan Order. San Juan de Dios Hospital (1596) – founded by the Brotherhood of Misericordia and administered by the Hospitaliers of San Juan de Dios; support was delivered from alms and rents; rendered general health service to the public.
1890s - women have assumed the role of nurses in order to assist the wounded soldiers. The emergence of Filipina nurses brought about the development of Philippines Red Cross. Nursing During the Philippine Revolution Josephine Bracken — wife of Jose Rizal, installed a field hospital in an estate house in Tejeros. She provided nursing care to the wounded night and day.
Rosa Sevilla de Alvero— converted their house into quarters for the Filipino soldiers; during the Philippine-American War that broke out in 1899 Dona Hilaria de Aguinaldo — wife of Emilio Aguinaldo who organized that Filipino Red Cross under the inspiration of Mabini.
Dona Maria Agoncillo de Aguinaldo — second wife of Emilio Aguinaldo; provided nursing care to Filipino soldiers during the revolution, President of the Filipino Red Cross branch in Batangas. Melchora Aquino a.k.a. “Tandang Sora” — nursed the wounded Filipino soldiers and gave them shelter and food.
Capitan Salome — a revolutionary leader in Nueva Ecija; provided nursing care to the wounded when not in combat. Agueda Kahabagan— revolutionary leader in Laguna, also provided nursing services to her troops. Trinidad Tecson(“Ina ng Biak-na-Bato”) — stayed in the hospital at Biak naBato to care for wounded soldiers.
Earliest Hospitals and Schools in the Philippines 1907 – training of the first Filipino nursing students. They studied subjects that were more relevant to their patients, such as “the nursing of tropical diseases” and “industrial and living conditions in the islands” Hospital School of Nursing’s Formal Training (1901 – 1911) Formal training in hospital school of nursing transpire. This began when American missionary doctors and nurses realized that they manpower is insufficient. Thus it resulted to a decision of training Filipino nurses that would be catering to the hospitals that Americans established in the 20th century.
Iloilo Mission Hospital School of Nursing (Iloilo City, 1906) - The first hospital in the Philippines which trained Filipino nurses. • ran by the Baptist Foreign Mission Society of America • Miss Rose Nicolet - first superintendent for nurses • April 1944 - graduate nurses took the first Nurses Board Examination at the Iloilo Mission Hospital.
Saint Paul’s Hospital School of Nursing (Manila, 1907) The hospital was established by the Archbishop of Manila, Jeremiah Harty under the supervision of the Sisters of St. Paul de Chartres located in Intramuros. It provided general hospital services. It opened its training school for nurses in 1908, with Mother Melanie as superintendent and Miss Chambers as Principal.
Philippine General Hospital School of Nursing (Manila, 1907)
Philippine General Hospital School of Nursing (Manila, 1907) PGH began in 1901 as a small dispensary for Civil officers and Employees in the City of Manila and later grew as a Civil Hospital. In 1906, Mary Coleman Masters, an educator advocated for the idea of training Filipino girls for the profession of nursing with the approval of Government officials, she first opened a dormitory for Girls enrolled at the Philippine Normal Hall and the University of the Philippines. In 1907, with the support of Governor General Forbes and the Director of Health and among others, she opened classes in nursing under the Auspices of the Bureau of Education. Admission was based on an entrance examination. The applicant must have completed elementary education to the seventh grade. Julia Nichols and Charlotte Clayton taught the students nursing subjects. American physician also served as lecturers. In 1910, the Act No. 1976 modified the organization of the school placing it under the supervision of the Department of Health. The Civil Hospital was abolished and the Philippine General Hospital was established.
St. Luke’s Hospital School of Nursing (Quezon City, 1907) The hospital is an Episcopalian Institution. It began as a small dispensary in 1903. In 1907, the school opened with three girls admitted. These three girls had their first year in combined classes with the PGH School of Nursing and St. Paul’s Hospital School of Nursing. Miss Helen Hicks was the first principal. Mrs. Vitaliana Beltran was the first Filipino superintendent of nurses and Dr. Jose Fores was the first medical director of the hospital.
Mary Johnston Hospital and School of Nursing (Manila, 1907) It started as a small dispensary on Calle Cervantes (now Avenida). It was called the Bethany Dispensary and funded by the Methodist Mission for the relief of suffering among women and children. In 1907, Sister Rebecca Parrish together with registered nurses Rose Dudley and GertudeDreisbach, organized the Mary Johnston School of Nursing. The nurses’ training course began with three Filipino young girls fresh from elementary as their first students.
The Start of Nursing Practice (1911- 1921) Promulgation of Act No. 2493 which amends Medical Law (Act No. 310) allowing the regulation of nursing practice transpired during this period. However, in 1919, the First True Nursing Law was enacted through Act 2808. During this period the Board Examiners for Nursing was also created. The first nursing board examination was given on 1920. The first executive officer of the Board Examiners for Nurses is a physicians.
Mary Chiles Hospital School of Nursing (Manila, 1911) The hospital was established by Dr. WN Lemon in a small house on Azcarraga, Sampaloc, Manila. In 1913, Miss Mary Chiles of Montana donated a large sum of money with which the preset building at Gastambide was bought. The Tuason Annex was donated by Miss Esperanza Tuason, a Filipino Philanthropist.
Emmanuel Hospital School of Nursing (Capiz, 1913) – • 3-year training course. • Miss Clara Pedroso was the first principal. San Juan de Dios Hospital School of Nursing (Manila, 1913) - run by the Daughters of Charity. Sister TacianaTinanes was the first Directress of the School. Southern Islands Hospital School of Nursing (Cebu, 1918) - The hospital was established in 1911 under the Bureau of Health. The school opened in 1918 with Anastacia Giron-Tupas as the organizer. Miss Visitacion Perez was the first principal.
Other Schools of Nursing • Zamboanga General Hospital School of Nursing (1921) • Chinese General Hospital School of Nursing (1921) • Baguio General Hospital School of Nursing (1923) • Manila Sanitarium Hospital and School of Nursing (1930) • St. Paul School of Nursing in Iloilo City (1946) • North General Hospital and School of Nursing (1946) • Siliman University School of Nursing (1947)
The First Colleges of Nursing in the Philippines • UST College of Nursing – 1st College of Nursing in the Phils: (1877) Sor TacianaTrinanes was its first directress. Presently, Associate Professor Glenda A. Vargas, RN, MAN serves as its Dean. • MCU College of Nursing – June 1947 (1st College who offered BSN – 4 year program) Miss Consuelo Gimeno was its first principal. Presently, Professor Lina A. Salarda, RN, MAN, EdD serves as its Dean. • UP College of Nursing – June 1948 Miss Julita Sotejo was its first dean. Presently, Professor Josefina A. Tuason, RN, MAN, DrPh is once more reappointed as the Dean of UP Manila College of Nursing • FEU Institute of Nursing – June 1955 • UE College of Nursing – Oct 1958
1909 • 3 female graduated as “qualified medical-surgical nurses” 1919 • The First Nurses Law (Act#2808) was enacted regulating the practice of the nursing profession in the Philippines Islands. It also provided the holding of exam for the practice of nursing on the 2nd Monday of June and December of each year. 1920 • -First board examination for nurses was conducted by the Board of Examiners, 93 candidates took the exam, 68 passed with the highest rating of 93.5%-Anna Dahlgren • Theoretical exam was held at the UP Amphitheater of the College of Medicine and Surgery. Practical exam at the PGH Library.
1921 • Filipino Nurses Association was established (now PNA) as the National Organization Of Filipino Nurses • PNA: 1st President – Rosario Delgado • Founder – Anastacia Giron-Tupas
Care Provider Nurses provide care and comfort for persons together with preserving the dignity of human being. Often considered as the mothering role of nurses.
Communicator Communication facilitates understanding and collaboration of nursing actions with their client and other members of the health care team. Communication also develops rapport with the client which establishes their cooperation.
