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Chapter 2

Chapter 2. The Chemistry of Life. 2.1 The Nature of Matter. Is the basic unit of matter Is made up of the Proton, Neutron, and Electron. The Atom. E-. P+. o. N. Let's Draw An Atom!. YEE HAW!. 1st choose an element. # 3. #7. How about Lithium??!!. Which atomic mass is it?.

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Chapter 2

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  1. Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Life

  2. 2.1 The Nature of Matter

  3. Is the basic unit of matter Is made up of the Proton, Neutron, and Electron The Atom E- P+ o N

  4. Let's Draw An Atom! YEE HAW!

  5. 1st choose an element # 3 #7 How about Lithium??!! Which atomic mass is it? Which atomic # is it?

  6. E- P+ P+ P+ E- E- o o N N o N o N

  7. Let's Review! HUH?

  8. Nucleus Protons Neutrons Electrons Positive Negative

  9. Let's Review! • The atomic number of carbon is _______________. • So carbon has ________ protons and electrons. • The protons and neutrons are found in the ______________. • It’s the number of ____________ that determines which kind of atom it is. six six nucleus protons

  10. Elements • Are pure substances that consist entirely of one type of atom • More than 100 elements are known • Represented by a letter symbol

  11. Lithium! We meet again!

  12. Compounds • Substances formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements. • What is NaCl? • How about H20?

  13. Chemical Bonds • Ionic: When electrons are transferred from one atom to another. • If an atom loses an electron it has a _________ charge. • If an atom gains an electron it has a _________ charge. Positive Negative

  14. Bonding of Sodium & Chlorine Atoms IONIC BOND!

  15. Covalent Bonds • Electrons are shared not transferred • Electrons travel in the orbitals of both atoms • Covalent bonds form molecules • The molecule is the smallest unit of most compounds

  16. The Water Molecule COVALENT BOND!

  17. 2.2 Properties of Water

  18. The Water Molecule Remember covalent bonds?! • A water molecule is POLAR because there is an uneven distribution of electrons.

  19. Polarity • When there are oppositely charged ends in an atom

  20. The Hydrogen Bond • Negative and positive ends of molecules are attracted • The bonds formed are HYDROGEN bonds • Occur between water molecules • Weakest of all the bonds

  21. Acids, Bases, and pH

  22. pH scale measures the concentration of H+ ions in a solution That's SOUR!!

  23. pH Scale • At a pH of 7, the concentrations of H+ and OH- ions are equal • Ranges from 0-14 Acidic Basic

  24. Solutions below7 are acidic because they have more H+ ions than pure water

  25. Solutions above 7 are called basic, because they have less H+ ions than pure water

  26. Substances that prevent sharp sudden changes in pH The body helps maintain homeostasis by using buffers Buffers Blood pH is 6.5-7.5

  27. 2.3 Carbon Compounds

  28. What’s so great about Carbon? • It has 4 valence electrons…so it bonds with many other elements! • It can also bond with itself, forming long chains and rings Click me!

  29. Carbon bonds with... • Hydrogen • Carbon • Nitrogen • Oxygen • Phosphorus • Sulfur

  30. The Macromolecules • Monomers bond together to make a polymer • Like a chain of molecules Click me!

  31. 4 major macromolecules • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Nucleic acids • Proteins

  32. Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates are made up of C, H, and O, with a ratio of 1:2:1.

  33. Carb Function? • Main source of energy for all cellular activity • Provides structure for plants and animals • Humans store extra sugar as glycogen

  34. Single sugar molecule Smallest is glucose Examples include: Glucose Galactose Fructose Monosaccharides

  35. Polysaccharides Large Macromolecules Glycogen Cellulose released from liver when blood sugar is low give plants strength

  36. LIPIDS • Not soluble in H2O (hydrophobic) • Mostly carbon and hydrogen • Include fats, oils, steroids, and waxes

  37. Lipid Function? Used to store energy Part of cell membranes Waterproofing

  38. Lipids... • Form when a glycerol molecule combines with 3 fatty acids • Saturated (no carbon-carbon double bonds) fat is bad for you!

  39. Nucleic Acids • Contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorous • Are polymers assembled from nucleotides. • Store and transmit genetic information • Include RNA & DNA

  40. 5-carbon sugar phosphate group nitrogenous base Nucleic acids consist of : Click Me!

  41. Proteins • contain hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon, and oxygen • are polymers of amino acids • are among the most diverse macromolecules

  42. Amino Acids are

  43. Protein function? • Control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes • Form bone and muscle • Transport substances into or out of cells • Help to fight disease

  44. Levels of organization • 1st is sequence of amino acids in a protein chain • 2nd is if the amino acids are twisted or folded • 3rd is if the chain is folded

  45. 1. Carbohydrates = Monosaccharide Monosaccharide + = H2O Disaccharide + ____

  46. 2. Lipids = Alcohol 3 Fatty Acids + = 3 H2O Fat Molecule +_________

  47. 3. Proteins = Amino Acid Amino Acid + = Dipeptide + _____ H2O

  48. 2.4 Chemical Reactions & Enzymes • Chemical reactions change one set of chemicals into another • Reactants Products • Chem rxns always involve bond changes! Rust!

  49. How do you start a reaction? ACTIVATION ENERGY Paper will only burn if lit with a match! Good thing!

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