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The Elements and the Periodic Table

The Elements and the Periodic Table. Elements. Made up of one type of atom Found on the Periodic Table. Mendeleev. Man I look good!. In 1869, Dmitri Mendeléev created the first periodic table based off element properties Arranged elements by their atomic masses

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The Elements and the Periodic Table

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  1. The Elements and the Periodic Table

  2. Elements • Made up of one type of atom • Found on the Periodic Table

  3. Mendeleev Man I look good! • In 1869, Dmitri Mendeléev created the first periodic table based off element properties • Arranged elements by their atomic masses • He discovered a pattern! • Each family had similar chemical properties. • Periodic = happening at regular intervals • Blank spaces were left open to add the new elements • able to predict the properties of unknown elements • In 1914, Henry Moseley, arranged the elements by their atomic number

  4. Mendeleev’s Published Periodic Table of Elements Why do you think there are question marks here? Image taken from: http://www.chemsoc.org/networks/learnnet/periodictable/post16/develop/mendeleev.htm

  5. Classes of Elements • Elements are grouped on the periodic table into 3 major categories: metals, non-metals, and metalloids based on their metallic properties • Metals • Nonmetals • Metalloids

  6. Metals • Nonmetals • Metalloids

  7. Properties of Metals • Physical Properties • Conductors of heat and electricity. • Shiny. • Ductile and malleable • Most are solid at room temp. • Chemical Properties • water causes corrosion • have few outer electrons; so they tend to lose electrons • Found on the left side of the periodic table (exception Hydrogen) What metal is not a solid @ room temperature?

  8. - + + - - + + + + + - - - - + - - + + + + + - - + + - - - - Atoms with Few Electrons in their Outer Energy Level Notice: only 1 electron in outer level Notice: only 2 electrons in outer level

  9. Metals

  10. Properties of Non-Metals • Physical Properties • Poor conductors of heat and electricity. • Solids are brittle and dull • Many are gases. • Chemical Properties • most have almost full outer electron shells; so they tend to gain electrons • Found on the right side of the periodic table Sulfur Carbon

  11. - + + + + - - - - + - - + + + - - + + + + + + + - + + - - + + - - - - - - - Atoms with Full or Almost Full Outer Energy Level Notice: 2 electrons in outer level – FULL Notice: 6 electrons in outer level – almost full Notice: 7 electrons in outer level – almost full

  12. Nonmetals

  13. Properties of Metalloids • Physical Properties • Properties of both metals and non-metals • Solids that can be shiny or dull • Semi-conductors: conduct heat and electricity better than non-metals but not as well as metals • Ductile and malleable • Chemical Properties • Most atoms have about ½ complete set of electrons in outer level • Found along the “staircase” of the periodic table Silicon Germanium

  14. What are semiconductors used in?

  15. Metalloids

  16. Elements further arranged on the periodic table based on their properties

  17. Vertically into Families or Groups Horizontally Into Periods Elements are arranged:

  18. If you looked at an atom from each element in a period you would see…

  19. Each atom has the same number of electron holding shells. An example…

  20. ex. The period 4 atoms each have 4 electroncontaining shells 4th Shell K (Potassium) Atom Kr (Krypton) Atom Fe (Iron) Atom

  21. If you looked at one atom of every element in a group/family you would see…

  22. Each atom has the same number of outer electrons (valence electrons) • An example…

  23. The group 2 atoms all have 2 electrons in their outer shells Be (Beryllium) Atom Mg (Magnesium) Atom

  24. Why is this Important? • The number of outer or “valence” electrons in an atom effects the way an atom bonds. • The way an atom bonds determines many properties of the element. • This is why elements within a group usually have similar properties.

  25. Each Family has distinct properties • All groups/families share similar properties and the same number of valence electrons

  26. Hydrogen • Has one proton and one electron • Very flammable gas • Fact: • The Hindenburg blimp exploded because it was filled with hydrogen • Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe, because it makes up stars

  27. http://www.lyon.edu/webdata/Users/DMcDowell/GenChem/alkalishow.htmlhttp://www.lyon.edu/webdata/Users/DMcDowell/GenChem/alkalishow.html • Group 1:Alkali Metals (Highly reactive metals) • Soft, silvery metals • 1 valence electron • Very reactive with water!!! • YouTube video Sodium

  28. Group 2:Alkaline Earth Metals • Silvery-White Metals • 2 valence electrons • Fairly reactive metals • Found in rocks in the earth’s crust • Used in fireworks and flares. Calcium

  29. Group 3-12:Transition Metals Copper Iron Good conductors of heat and electricity Malleable and ductile

  30. Group 13:Boron Family • Named after the first element in the family. • 3 valence electrons. • Fun Facts: • This family includes a metalloid (boron), and the rest are metals. • This family includes the most abundant metal in the earth’s crust (aluminum) and is used for foil wrap, pop cans, cooking pans, and siding on houses. • Aluminum was once seen as more precious than gold Aluminum

  31. Group 14:Carbon Family • Named after first element in the family • 4 valence electrons • Facts: • Includes a non-metal (carbon), metalloids, and metals. • The element carbon is called the “basis of life.” There is an entire branch of chemistry devoted to carbon compounds called organic chemistry. • Silicon is 2nd only to oxygen in abundance in Earth’s crust. Most of it is found in sand. Silicon

  32. Group 15:Nitrogen Family • Named after the first element in the family • 5 valence electrons • Facts: • The nitrogen family is named after the element that makes up 78% of our atmosphere. • This family includes non-metals, metalloids, and metals. • Phosphorus is used for many things such as water softeners, match heads, and fine china. • Antimony and bismuth are added to other metals to lower their melting point. Bismuth is used on fire-sprinkler heads. Phosphorus

  33. Group 16:Oxygen Family • Named after the first element in the family • 6 valence electrons • Facts: • Oxygen is the most abundant element in the earth’s crust. • Sulfur is a non-metal that combines with metals to form sulfides with distinct colors that are used in paints. • Selenium is needed in trace amounts in your diet. It is also used in photocopiers. Sulfur

  34. Group 17:Halogens • Most are Poisonous • 7 valence electrons • Very reactive • React with alkali metals to form salts • Facts: • Fluorine is the most reactive element • - Chlorine is used in pools and cleaning products • - Bromine is used in dyes in cosmetics • - Iodine is essential in diets

  35. Chlorine Gas was used as a chemical weapon during World War I. It was used by the Nazis in World War II.

  36. Group 18:Noble Gases • Unreactive; inert (full outer energy shell) • 8 valence electrons • Colorless gases at room temperature

  37. Inner Transition Metals Lanthanide Series Actinide Series (all are radioactive)

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