Cutting-Edge Electron Beam Applications in Industry and Society

1. Industrial and Societal Applications – WP3 University of Huddersfield Rob Edgecock on behalf of WP3

2. Tasks • Task 3.1. Coordination and Communication (Rob Edgecock - HUD) • Task 3.2. Low energy electron beam applications: new technology development (Andrzej Chmielewski - INCT) • Task 3.3. Low energy electron beam applications: new applications (Frank-Holm Roegner - FEP) • Task 3.4. Medium energy electron beams (AngelesFaus-Golfe - CNRS) • Task 3.5. Radioisotope production (Diego Campos/Conchi Oliver - CIEMAT)

3. Task 3.1 • Led/contributed to 2 H2020 proposals • HERTIS – Hybrid exhaust-gas retrofit system - submitted to H2020-MG-2019-TwoStages • PHOEBe – Production of High-quality Organic fertiliser using Electron Beams

4. Diseases Related to Poor Sewage Sludge Treatment • Ascaris parasites: 22% of world population have these -African countries: 40-98% Southeast Asia: 73% Central and South America: 45% United States: 2% • Entamoeba histolytica: >500M people have these – 100000 deaths/annum • Giardia lamblia: most common parasite in US – 10-13% of adults in Oregon • Toxoplasma gondii: causes 3500/annum birth defects in the US • Salmonella spp: 94530 cases in EU in 2016 • Escherichia coli: 6378 (STEC) in 2016 • Shigella: ~300000 cases/annum in US But, if correctly treated, can be used as organic fertiliser

5. Current Treatment Options

6. More E-beam Measurements

7. PHOEBe: The Production of High-Quality Organic Fertiliser using Electron Beams

8. Aims • E-beam studies of AMR, pharmaceuticals, PCP, micro-plastics • Build three pilot plants: • Municipal sewage sludge – Riga • Pharmaceutical waste – China • Municipal sewage sludge – China • Produce solid and liquid fertiliser • Undertake pot and field trials in EU and China • Impact studies • Business case

9. Other Task 3.2 and 3.3 Activities • Study of polymers for biomedical applications • Synthesis of grafted copolymers • Optimisation of EB cross-linking • Elimination of plant pathogens from ornamental bulbs • Preservation of water-damaged paper products • Production of polymer matrix composites • Harmonisation of quality control procedures and dosimetry • Development of low energy food treatment technology

10. (1) Identify unexplored fields of application • Inactivation of virusesforvaccineproduction • Developed technology by Fraunhofer-consortium(patented) • Evaluatedresultsfor real types of vaccines • High dose rate enableshighlypreservation of importantantigens • 300 keVacceleratorforcompact design • Successfulldevelopment of first lab-machineforcontinuouslytreatment 2018 • Actuallynewapplicationto Natural Killer Cells for innovative cancertherapyunderdevelopment

11. Review of thesecondYear (1) Identify unexplored fields of application • Medium energy (400 – 800 keV) X-raysterilization • In-house sterilization of medicalproducts in-linetothepackagingprocess • Swichingfromexternal Gamma sterilizationby a seviceproviderto in-house solution • Challengingtechnical and commercialtopics(verylowenergyefficacy, development of new high power x-raygenerators) • First feasibilitystudy promising at FEP togetherwithindustrialpartner • Patent underpreparation

12. Review of thesecondYear (3) Studying the influence of results from WP 3.2 (new technologies) • Whatarethemaindecissionfactorsforestablishing an ebeamtechnologyfor a newapplication • A FEP-survey of customers and businesscontactsresulted in: • Ifthereisno alternative tosolve a problem • Ifthereis a uniquemethodefornewproducts • Ifitcouldproduce a uniquesellingpoint (jump in innovation) • Savingenergy and reduction of theuse of criticalchemicalsorradioactive material • Savingfootprint at productionfacilityorreduction of CO2footprint

13. Task 3.4: High energy electron beams • Focus is on the design of a linac (PRAE) for: • Minibeam radiotherapy: - use a grid rather than treating full tumour - spot size 400-700 µm - small beam divergence: >70 MeV electrons • FLASH RT: - short treatment time: <500 ms - high dose rate: 60-200 Gy/s • See Angeles’ talk tomorrow! • Simulations of PRAE have been done • Procurement underway

14. Simulation Environment • BeamProperites (70 MeV) • Charge: 1 nC/bunch • Transverse Size: ~ • Bunchlength: 2 ps • NormlizedEmittance: < 10 mm.mrad (For mini beam) • Energy spread: ~ 0.3% • Repeation rate: 50 Hz • Beam line design; MADX • Beam line tracking: placet • Beam irradiation: Geant4 (Penelope Physics) • Mini Beam - 10 cm air + 30 cm water • FLASH Beam - 100 cm air + 30 cm water WATER AIR MADX & PLACET Geant4

15. MINI beam – 70 MeV At the end of vaccum • , DepositedEenergy in x-z plan Beam size along Z In the Water Relative Dose

16. Task 3.5: Radioisotope production • Construction and testing of 4T AMIT cyclotron (CIEMAT) • Design of linac for PET isotope production (CERN) • Re-parameterisation underway to reduce costs • Design of a very high current FFAG for 99mTc and 211At • Optics design done and thesis written

17. Initial AMIT SC magnettests First ON • Magnet cooled down by Dewar • Magnetic measurements by Magnetic Bench supplied by ALBA 17 Setup for the thermal and magnetic characterization of the magnet

18. Magneticresults • It provides information on the measured magnetic field shape compared to the design values • Magnetic tests result in good agreement with simulation and design values. While nominal curve is fully symmetric, the measured curve shows a 0.5 % deviation on this symmetry Deviation is less than 0.5 % for any position in a centered circle of 150 mm diameter • Quite good agreement between simulation and measured magnetic field values, but work is still ongoing • FIELDS GREATER THAN 3T WERE NOT REACHED DUE TO ALIGNMENT ISSUES Further measurements to nominal field require new mechanical adjustments (ongoing) 18

19. Conclusions • WP3 is doing a lot and has already achieved a lot! • NB It is only a network • Funding is/has being sought from: • Proof of concept • H2020 • Institute programmes • National programmes • It could have significant impacts on areas in health, industry and the environment