MENTAL HEALTH- INTRODUCTION

1. MENTAL HEALTH- INTRODUCTION Prepared by: Gina M. Jumawan, RN, MBA

2. PSYCHIATRIC NURSING • is a specialized area of nursing utilizing theories & concepts as in science, arts in dealing with clients. • An interpersonal process that promotes and maintains behavior that contributes to integrated functioning.

3. PSYCHIATRIC MENTAL HEALTH NURSING 8 HUMAN RESPONSES THAT ORGANIZE PSYCHIATRIC MENTAL HEALTH NURSING • Activity • Cognition • Ecological • Emotional • Interpersonal • Perception • Physiologic • Valuation

4. KEY FIGURES IN THE HISTORY OF PSYCHIATRIC NURSING • Florence Nightingale (1859) was the founder of modern nursing and author of the first nursing text, Notes on Nursing. • Harriet Bailey (1920) wrote the first psychiatric nursing textbook, Nursing in Mental diseases. • HildegardePeplau (1952) wrote Interpersonal Relations in Nursing, a landmark book that described a framework for psychiatric nursing practice. Her emphasis on nurse-patient relationships and theoretical constructs to explain patient problems provided the foundation for psychiatric nursing practice.

5. KEY FIGURES IN THE HISTORY OF PSYCHIATRIC NURSING • June Mellow(1967) and Gwen Tudor(1952) published the clinical studies of nursing and interpersonal relationships • Ida Orlando- stressed the importance of interpersonal or therapeutic relationship • Theresa Muller focused on the significance of coping with everyday stresses

6. KEY FIGURES IN THE HISTORY OF PSYCHIATRIC NURSING • Madeline Leininger (1969) stressed the importance of community based care within various cultures and societies • Aguilera & Messick (1970) integrated Caplan’s crisis intervention concepts into nursing practice

7. CRITERIA FOR POSITIVE MENTAL HEALTH 1. Attitude towards the individual self/self acceptance • Involves aspects related to self awareness, acceptance, confidence, level of self-esteem; sense of personal identification in relation to role, groups, weaknesses, strengths, sex, vocation, other individuals, and so on • SELF CONCEPT- term given to the part of the self that lies within conscious awareness • Represents a collection of attitudes and ideas about self • A product of life experience • Encompasses all that a person perceives, knows and holds to be true about his/her identity

8. 4 ASPECTS OF SELF CONCEPT • Body image- physical dimension of self concept • It is the entire gamut of human expression, through the 5 senses as well as physical representations of movement expressed through dancing and gestures. • How to present ourselves to others physically affects how others perceive us socially and emotionally as well as intellectually.

9. 4 ASPECTS OF SELF CONCEPT • Personal identity- refers to the psychological aspect of self concept. • It refers to unconscious stratum, mental data by which the individual is unaware. • It refers to the perception of internal/external reality. • It is the inner world of the client encased by feelings, thoughts and previous learning

10. 4 ASPECTS OF SELF CONCEPT • Self-esteem- this is the emotional component of self-concept, described as the degree of value or worth ascribed to the self. • It is based on the abilities, attributes in interpersonal relationships. • It represents an individual’s perception of the worth attributed to him by significant others on the basis of his own presentation to the world. • When individuals do not feel as though there is much value to who they are as human beings or what they are able to contribute to others, they are said to be of low self-esteem. (suicidal patients)

11. 4 ASPECTS OF SELF CONCEPT • Role performance- refers to the expression of self-concept, the totality of how one is known to others, one’s representation and public roles. • Self representation to the outside world expressed though professional and social roles assumed in the different situations such as family, the school and workplace. • Self acceptance- a regard for one self with a realistic concept of strengths and weaknesses. Self acceptance depends on self-concept. People tend to behave in ways which reinforce self-concept. • Self- awareness- involves noticing how the self feels, thinks, behaves and senses at any given time. Differs from INTROSPECTION- which involves evaluation or determining why the self reacts as it does. This is the first step in dealing with stress.

12. CRITERIA FOR POSITIVE MENTAL HEALTH 2. Growth and development, and self actualization • This refers to what a person does with his abilities and potentialities that are important. • A person’s involvement in outside interests and relationships, concerns with an occupation, ideas, and his goals are considered. 3. Integrative capacity • This refers to the balance of psychic forces- the ID, EGO, SUPEREGO • The ability to tolerate anxiety in stressful situations. • The core of this concept is the utilization of all processes and attributes a person for unification of personal functioning.

13. CRITERIA FOR POSITIVE MENTAL HEALTH 4. Autonomous behavior • Refers to the ability to make one’s own decisions and react according to his own convictions regardless of outside environmental (physical and social) pressures and accept responsibilities for his actions • Another aspect is the ability to refuse to conform when to do so is a social expectation that conflicts with one’s value system 5. Perception of reality/balance of id and ego • Deals with how the person perceives his environment and other people as well as his reactions toward them.

14. CRITERIA FOR POSITIVE MENTAL HEALTH 6. Mastery of one’s own environment/ tries to solve own problems • It is the ability to adapt, adjust, and behave appropriately in situations according to approved standards so that satisfactions are achieved. • It refers to the problem solving ability of a person with expressions of appropriate feeling tones. • The use of appropriate defense mechanisms.

15. JOHARI’S WINDOW • Quadrant 1- OPEN • Qualities one knows about oneself and others also know • Quadrant 2- BLIND • Qualities known only to others • Quadrant 3- HIDDEN • Qualities known only to oneself • Quadrant 4- UNKNOWN • An empty quadrant to symbolize qualities as yet undiscovered by oneself or others

16. INSTRUCTIONS • Appraise your own qualities by creating a list of them: values, attitudes, feelings, strengths, behaviors, accomplishments, needs, desires and thoughts. • Find out the perception of others by interviewing/asking them to identify qualities, both positive and negative they see in you. BE HONEST. • Compare lists and assign to appropriate quadrants

17. INTERPRETATION • If quadrant 1 is the longest list, this indicates that you are open to others; a smaller quadrant 1 means you share a little about yourself to others. • If quadrants 1 & 3 are both small, the person demonstrates little insight. • Any change in one quadrant is reflected by changes in other quadrants. • The goal is to work toward moving qualities from quadrants 2,3,4 into quadrant 1. Doing so indicates that you are gaining self-knowledge and awareness.

18. ASSIGNMENT • Write your output in a piece of paper, cartolina, etc. • Write your reflections about your Johari’s window

19. CHARACTERISTICS OF OPTIMUM WELLNESS • Self esteem and self knowledge • Satisfying interpersonal relationships • Environmental mastery • Stress management

20. MENTAL ILLNESS • Is a mental disorder or condition manifested by disorganization and impairment of function that arises from various causes such as psychological, neurobiological and genetic factors. The following are other definitions or descriptions of mental illness: • Is a loss of ability to respond to the environment in ways that are in accord with one self or the expectations of the society;

21. MENTAL ILLNESS • Is characterized by thought or behavior patterns that impair functioning and cause the individual distress; • Is a matter of judgment not a matter of fact; • Not exclusively determined by intrinsic factors or features that characterize a certain personality nor established purely by certain acts and; • Influenced by individual’s view of acts, reaction of others and overall cultural content in which the acts occur.

22. CRITERIA FOR MENTAL ILLNESS/ • Dissatisfaction with one’s characteristics, abilities and accomplishments • Ineffective or unsatisfying interpersonal relationships • Dissatisfaction with one’s place in the world • Ineffective coping or adaptation to the events in one’s life as well as lack of personal growth

23. PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS • Person is unaccepting of self and dislikes self • Person has an unrealistic perception of strengths and weaknesses • Thoughts and perception may not be reality based • Unable to find meaning and purpose in life • Lacks direction and productivity in life • Has difficulty in meeting own needs • Depend on others for thoughts and actions