Chapter 7: The Romans

1. Chapter 7: The Romans The Rise of Rome

2. Geography of Italy • Peninsula similar to Greece • 750 miles long • Apennine Mountains divide Italy between east and west • Large fertile plains for farming • 2 major ones • 1. Po River Valley in North • 2. Latium where Rome is located • Apennine Mountains • Easy to navigate, therefore communities were not divided due to it • Rome • Located inland but had the Tiber River to connect it to the sea for trading • Its location on Tiber River allowed for large amounts of foot traffic too

3. People of Italy • 1500-1000BC • Indo-European people moved into the area • Little known about them except they lived in Latium and spoke Latin • These “Latins” were herders and farmers living in the hills of Rome • 750-550BC • Greeks began to colonize in the south • Moved up coast and also occupied Sicily • What did Greeks pass on? Alphabet, art, culture, farming, literature • 650BC • Etruscans developed Rome beyond a small town • What did Etruscans pass on? The toga and structure of army

4. The Roman Republic • Rome (753-509BC) • Under the control of 7 kings • Some kings were Etruscans • 509BC • Revolt from the Etruscans • Established the Roman Republic • Differences • Leader was not part of monarchy • Certain people had the right to vote

5. The Roman republic • Conquests of Rome • 338BC • Defeated the Latin states • 300BC • Defeated the people of the Apennine Mountains • 264BC • Defeated the Greeks in Southern Italy • Roman Confederation • Needed to rule all of Italy • Certain groups allowed to be Roman citizens • Were allowed to run own affairs but required to give soldiers to Rome • If Rome did well, these communities did too

6. The Roman Republic • How was Rome able to be so successful? • 1. Good Diplomacy • Gave incentives like citizenship to certain groups • Had ability to be firm and down right cruel when needed • Showing force earned them respect • 2. Strength of Military • Persistent • Defeats never led them to quit • They simply rebuilt stronger ones • Creation of fortified towns allowed fro quicker movement through Republic • 3. Law and Politics • Practical. Did not look for perfect empire but rather one that responded to problems

7. The Roman republic • The Political Structure • Divided into 2 groups • 1. Patricians • Wealthy land owners • Became the ruling class • 2. Plebeians • Less wealth landowners • Craftsmen, small farmers, and merchants • Men from both groups had to pay taxes, serve in military, and could vote • Only men from Patricians could be elected to government offices

8. The Roman republic • The Government of Rome • The top officials were • 1. The consuls • 2 were elected every year and ran the government • Responsible for leading army into battle • 2. The Praetors • In charge of civil law • Responsible for hearing court cases

9. The Roman republic The Roman Senate • Group of 300 Patricians • Responsible for advising government officials • Later responsible for creation of laws • The Roman Republic • Responsible for electing the chief officials • Sub-group of the Senate • Wealthiest citizens had majority

10. The Roman republic • Struggle of the Orders • Patricians vs. Plebeians • Forbidden to marry into opposite group • Led to creation of the council of plebs (471BC) • Council of Plebs • Tribunes given power to protect plebs • In 300’s BC, groups were allowed to marry into each other • 287BC: Plebs allowed to pass laws for all of Rome

11. The Roman republic • Roman Law • 450BC: The 12 Tables • First code of Roman Law • Product of a simple farming society • Law of Nations • Universal law based on reason • Innocent until proven guilty • Accused can present case before a judge • Judge expected to make a ruling based on evidence

12. Roman expansion • Romans vs. Carthage • Carthage • Founded by the Phoenicians in 800BC • Massive Trading empire included: • Spain, Northern Africa, Sardinia, Corsica, and Sicily • Sicily being so close to Italy made Rome nervous • Beginning in 264BC, war began between the 2 states

13. Roman Expansion • 1st Punic War • 264-241BC • Romans send army to Sicily • Romans had superior land army but a weak navy • Eventually built up a navy • Defeated the Carthaginians in 241BC • Carthage gave up rights to Sicily • Also had to pay Rome

14. Roman Expansion • 2nd Punic War (218-201BC) • Hannibal: The Great General of Carthage • Vowed revenge after the 1st Punic War • Wanted to invade Rome • 46,000 troops, horses, and 37 battle elephants • Trek across the Alps killed most elephants • 216BC, Romans met him at Cannae • Killed 40,000 Roman soldiers • Caused a revolt of cities in southern Italy

15. Roman Expansion • 2nd Punic War • Roman Reaction • Slowly built army back up • Could not handle Hannibal’s army in Italy • Decide to attack Carthage instead • First they removed all Carthaginians from Spain • By attacking Carthage, they forced Hannibal to leave Italy and return

16. Roman Expansion • 2nd Punic War’ • Battle of Zama (202BC) • Roman general Scipio Africanus • Carthaginian General Hannibal • Rome crushes Carthage • What did Rome get? • Spain became a Roman province • Rome became the super power of the Mediterranean • What happened to Hannibal? • Fled Carthage • Was eventually chased down to Bithynia which is near Black Sea • Poisoned himself to avoid being captured

17. Roman Expansion • 3rd Punic War (150-146BC) • Destruction of Carthage • Roman Emperor Cato demanded it • 10 day stretch in 146 of burning and demolishing the city of Carthage • 50,000 Carthaginians became slaves • Carthage becomes a Roman Province • 4th Macedonian War (148BC) • Rome conquers Macedonia • 146BC: Rome conquers Greece • 129BC: Rome makes Pergamum 1st province in Asia