UHL 4012 Introduction to Public Speaking

1. UHL 4012 Introduction to Public Speaking

2. Course Objectives/Outcomes By the end of semester, students should be able to: • CO1: plan, organise and write informative and persuasive speeches using speech outline template, • CO2: present informative and persuasive speeches between 6-8 minutes in front of an audience, • CO3: deliver two 3-minute impromptu speeches in front of an audience, • CO4: deliver public speeches using effective delivery strategies (kinesics, proxemics, para-linguistics, visual aids) and • CO5: write a video commentary based on a given template.

3. Causes of Fear 1. Old Brain/Hindbrain Nervousness Your old brain is the part of your brain that is constantly scanning the environment looking for threats. Survival is what matters to the old brain. Flight or Freeze situations. Accept nervousness and get used to it. 2. Mid-Brain Nervousness Your Mid Brain will make you nervous when you’re reminded of a previous nerve-wracking/embarrassing mid-blank experience. The rational reality is that most of the things that happen to us in presentations, are not that bad. The consequences are disappointing – but not catastrophic. 3. New Brain/Forebrain Nervousness The conscious thinking part of your brain. One of the most common patterns of thinking that contribute to the fear of public speaking are demands… I must be interesting, I mustn’t show I’m nervous …

4. 3 Facts About Fear • Fear will never go away as long as you continue to grow. • The only way to ease the fear of doing something is to go out and do something about it. • You’re not the only one to experience fear when you’re in unfamiliar territory.

5. Speech Anxiety is Normal! • Public Speaking #1 Fear • Fear of Death 6th • 80% of speakers feel nervous • 20% of college students apprehensive about speaking Anxiety and public speaking: It doesn’t show as much as you think it does.You feel the symptoms of nervousness. The audience can only perceive what they can see and hear. They cannot feel your feelings.

6. Speechmaking Process Consider your audience Select and narrow your topic Determine and develop your general purpose, specific purpose and central idea Gather your materials Organize your speech Rehearse your speech Deliver your speech

7. 1.Consider Your Audience

8. How ? Audience analysis: • Demographic – gender/age/race/ethnic grps/marital status/educational backgrds • Situational – “why is this important to me?” How to appeal: • Logical - statistics/evidence/testimony • Emotional – anecdotes/stories/quotes • Speaker – competence, poise, enthusiasm, rapport

9. Speechmaking Process Consider your audience Select and narrow your topic Determine and develop your general purpose, specific purpose and central idea Gather your materials Organize your speech Rehearse your speech Deliver your speech

10. Potential topics • Subjects you know a lot about or which you are most familiar. You can base on your own knowledge (special knowledge or expertise) and experience. • Subjects that interest you and that you would like to know more about. This could be a perfect opportunity for you to research a fascinating subject.

11. Criteria Interesting to you Interesting to your audience Appropriate to the situation Appropriate to the time available Manageable Worthwhile

12. Speechmaking Process Consider your audience Select and narrow your topic Determine and develop your general purpose, specific purpose and central idea Gather your materials Organize your speech Rehearse your speech Deliver your speech

13. Informative Speech

14. Inform Persuade Entertain General Purpose The broad goal of a speech. “To inform/persuade/entertain …” “ A talk is a voyage with a purpose, and it must be charted.”

15. Types of Informative Speeches How to save people from; How to buy a used car; how to write an effective job resume; how perfume is made… Cosmetic surgery; television viewing; Halloween; jobs interviews… Principles of psychology; Islam; Extinction of dinosaurs… • Objects include places, buildings, animals, people... Speeches about objects Speeches about processes Speeches about events Speeches about concepts

16. Specific Purpose Statement A single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech.

17. Guidelines for the Specific Purpose • Express as a full sentence Eg: To inform my audience the three uses of laser in the medical field. • Do not express as a question Eg: Is US intervention in the Middle East necessary? • Avoid figurative language Eg: To persuade my audience that Yoga is an extremely cool way to improve your health. • Do not be vague or overly general Eg: To inform my audience about smoking. • Limit it to one distinct idea Eg: To convince my audience to become literacy tutors and to donate their time to GreenPeace.

18. Examples…informative • To inform my audience about the three major rituals in a Malay wedding. • To inform my audience how to make Italian cappuchino. • To inform my audience the major reasons for the landslide occurrence at Bukit Antarabangsa. • To inform my audience what to look for when buying a digital camera/handphone.

19. Central Idea/Thesis Statement A one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech. Usually found in the introduction of your sentence.

20. Example … Topic: Witchcraft Practised in the Malay Society General purpose: To inform Specific purpose: To inform my audience the three major kinds of witchcraft practised today in the Malay society. Central idea: The three major kinds of witchcraft practised today in the Malay society are black magic (n), sorcery (n) and satanism (n).

21. Example … Topic: Social Ills General purpose: To inform Specific purpose: To inform my audience the three major social ills facing the Malaysian society today. Central idea: The three major social ills facing the Malaysia society today are domestic violence, close proximity and sexual abuse.

22. Example … Topic: Chinese New Year General purpose: To inform Specific purpose: To inform my audience the three important traditions practised during the Chinese New Year. Central idea: The three important traditions practised during the Chinese New Year are the reunion dinner, ang pau giving and lion dance performance .

23. Example … Topic: The Heimlih Maneuver General purpose: To inform Specific purpose: To inform my audience how to perform the Heimlich Maneuver. Central idea: The effectiveness of the Heimlich Maneuver depends on two factors – knowing the symptoms of a choking victim and knowing how to perform the maneuver to save the victim.

24. Example … • Topic “ The Truth About Caffeine.” • General purpose: To inform • Specific purpose: I would like to inform the audience about some of the facts about caffeine and its effects on the human body. • Central idea: I am going to talk about the beneficial effects of caffeine, negative effects of caffeine and levels of safe caffeine consumption.

25. Speechmaking Process Consider your audience Select and narrow your topic Determine and develop your general purpose, specific purpose and central idea Gather your materials Organize your speech Rehearse your speech Deliver your speech

26. Gather Your Materials • Own experience • Own knowledge • Interview • Research

27. Speechmaking Process Consider your audience Select and narrow your topic Determine and develop your general purpose, specific purpose and central idea Gather your materials Organize your speech Rehearse your speech Deliver your speech

28. Why Speech Organization is Important • It allows you and the listeners to see what ideas you have and to put mental “hands” on the most important ones. • Listeners who hear a well-organized speech believe a speaker to be much more competent and trustworthy. • Listeners demand coherence. A speaker must make sure listeners can follow the progression of ideas in a speech from beginning to end. • Using a clear and specific method of speech organization can boost your confidence as a speaker and improve your ability to deliver a message fluently.

29. Organizational Outline

30. The Introduction of Your Speech • Capture the attention of your audience. • Authenticate the value ‘What’s in it for me?” . • Prove your credibility. • Reveal the topic of your speech. • Preview the body of the speech.

31. Connecting with the audience • It was reported that Professor Osterweis taught students two main lessons. "First, you have to have substance - values and principles that are worth conserving. Then you have to communicate them in a way that makes the audience feel that they have ownership of the ideas. It's almost like you have to become part of the crowd, and have them go away adopting the ideas as their own." • Key Lesson: Make sure to connect with your audience with eye-contact, appropriate language, personal stories, and warm personality. The ideas you're talking about are not as important as your own personality. It's the Messenger, not the message.

32. How to Get the Attention & Interest of Your Audience • Relate the topic to your audience, why they should be interested (what’s in it for them), why you are talking about it (experience/qualifications/credibility) • Startle the audience with an arresting or intriguing statement. • Refer to a shocking statistic. • Question the audience. • Begin with a quotation. • Tell a story. • Ask audience to imagine themselves in a situation.

33. 3 Elements in the Speech Body • Main points • Supporting points • Connectives/Signposts

34. Main Points and Organizational Patterns • Select them carefully. • Phrase them precisely. • Organize them strategically. • Chronological order • Spatial order • Causal order • Topical order • Problem solving order

35. Supporting Points • Supporting materials are backup ideas for the main points. • Directly support and are relevant to the main points.

36. The Conclusion of Your Speech • Signal the end of the speech by using cues like: • Ending words • Voice characteristics – tone, pace, rhythm • Reinforce the central idea by: • Restating the main points. • Emphasize what you want your audience to do or think. • Use a quotation or dramatic statement, if appropriate. • Refer to the introduction. “ A speech is like a love affair, any fool can start one but to end it requires considerable skill.”

37. Think of a speech topic (preferably one for your speech presentation). Create an introduction. In your introduction be sure to gain the attention of the audience, to reveal the topic and relate it to the audience, to establish your credibility, and to preview the body of the speech. • Using the same topic, create a speech conclusion. Be sure to let your audience know the speech ending, to reinforce the central idea, and to make the conclusion vivid and memorable.

38. Organizational Patterns • Chronological order • Spatial order • Causal order • Topical order • Problem solving order

39. Example of Chronological Order Specific purpose: To inform my audience of the steps in getting a professional tattoo. Central idea: There are four main steps in getting a professional tattoo. Main points: • First, the skin is shaved and sterilized in the area to be tattooed. • Second, the main lines of the tattoo are traced on the skin with a machine called an outliner. • Third, coloured pigments are applied inside the outline with a machine called a shader. • Fourth, the tattoo is sterilized and bandaged.

40. Example of Spatial Order Specific purpose: To inform my audience about the design of the Eiffel Tower. Central idea: The Eiffel Tower is divided into three sections which are the lowest, middle and top sections. Main points: • The lowest section of the tower contains the entrance, a gift shop and a restaurant. • The middle section of the tower consists of stairs and elevators that lead to the top. • The top section of the tower includes an observation deck with a spectacular view of Paris.

41. Example of Causal Order Specific purpose: To inform my audience of the possible causes of the unusual occurrences in the Bermuda Triangle. Central idea: The causes of the unusual occurrences in the Bermuda Triangle have not yet been fully explained. Main points: • Many unusual occurrences have taken place in the Bermuda Triangle. • Experts have advanced three major explanation about the causes of these unusual occurrences.

42. Example of Topical Order Specific purpose: To inform my audience about the uses of lasers. Central idea: Lasers harness the power of light for a wide range of uses, namely, in science, industry and medicine. Main points: • Lasers have many important uses in science. • Lasers have become indispensable to industry. • Lasers are revolutionizing the practice of medicine.

43. Connectives • Firstly, we’re going to … • Let me begin by … • I would like to start by … • Let me briefly take you through what we’ll be looking at today. • If we take a look at this slide … • As you can see from this graph … • Another area of consideration … • Let’s change direction for a moment … • Finally, … • So what have we looked at so far? Well … • Thank you for listening so patiently. • Now, does anyone have any questions?

44. Connectives • Transitions Eg: We have spent a lot of time talking the problem. It’s time now to discuss the solution. • Internal previews Eg: (Transition) Now that we have seen serious the problem of missing children is, let’s take a look at some solutions. (Internal preview) I willfocus on three in particular – stronger legal custody laws to …and…Let’s consider them in turn. • Internal summaries Eg: In going back over the effects of … • Signposts Eg: The first cause… the final contributing cause is…

45. Visual Aids – ppt, flip charts, transparencies, blackboard, etc • Increase audience interest • Illustrate key points • Signal transition from one part of speech to the next • Increase impact of message • Help listeners retain information • Help you present ideas without depending on notes • Help those not familiar with your language or accent, turn the incomprehensible into something understandable

46. Speechmaking Process Consider your audience Select and narrow your topic Determine and develop your general purpose, specific purpose and central idea Gather your materials Organize your speech Rehearse your speech Deliver your speech

47. Deliver Your Speech

48. Methods of Delivery • Manuscript – a speech that is written out word for word and is read to the audience. • Extemporaneous – a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes. • Impromptu - a speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation.

49. Communication – Face to Face 55% through our BODY LANGUAGE 38% through the TONE of our voice 7% through the WORDS we use

50. Non-Verbal Communication Facial Expressions Gestures and Posture Use of Time and Space Vocal Characteristics Touching Behavior Personal Appearance