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Personality

Personality. Trait Theories Social/Cognitive Approach Humanistic Approach. Trait Theories. Trait - a relatively stable predisposition to behave in a certain way Goal of trait theories ?. Trait Theories. Specific behaviors Surface traits - linked directly to a set of related behaviors

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Personality

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  1. Personality • Trait Theories • Social/Cognitive Approach • Humanistic Approach

  2. Trait Theories • Trait - a relatively stable predisposition to behave in a certain way • Goal of trait theories ?

  3. Trait Theories • Specific behaviors • Surface traits - linked directly to a set of related behaviors • Ex- Party Phenomenon • Central traits - fundamental dimensions of personality

  4. Big-Five Theory • Neuroticism-stability • Extroversion-introversion • Openness to experience-nonopenness • Agreeableness-antagonism • Conscientiousness-undirectedness

  5. Take Trait tests- Big Five/Keirsey • Link to webpage

  6. Predictive Value of Traits • Stability of personality • Relationship to actual behaviors • Situation-specific traits

  7. Biological Foundations of Traits • Level of arousal and motivational systems of extroverts and introverts • Moderate heritability of traits • Genetic influences on neurotransmitters that can affect personality

  8. Personality as Adaptation • Advantages of being different • diversity of offspring • occupying alternative niches • Family environment • sibling contrast • birth order differences • Gender differences

  9. The Social- Cognitive Personality Alfred Bandura Julian Rotter

  10. Social-Cognitive Perspective • Based on research on learning, cognition, and social influence • Focuses on beliefs and habits that increase or decrease people’s ability to take control of their lives and accomplish goals

  11. Social-Cognitive Perspective • Locus of Control • proposed by Julian Rotter • belief that rewards either are or are not controllable by one’s own efforts • may be internal or external • Take “locus quiz”

  12. Social-Cognitive Perspective • Self-Efficacy • proposed by Albert Bandura • belief about one’s ability to perform specific tasks • can be high or low • Ex-

  13. Humanism Personality Theory Abraham Maslow

  14. Humanistic Perspective • Focuses on the human tendency to create belief systems and to govern our lives in accordance with these beliefs • Phenomenological reality - one’s conscious understanding of his/her world

  15. Humanistic Perspective • Carl Rogers’s person-centered approach • self-concept is central to personality • conditional positive regard - love and praise is withheld unless one conforms to others’ expectations • unconditional positive regard - accepting a person regardless of who they are or what they do

  16. Self-actualization needs Esteem needs Belongingness and love needs Safety needs Physiological needs Growth needs Deficiency needs Humanistic Perspective • Abraham Maslow • hierarchy of needs • self-actualization - the realization of one’s dreams and capabilities

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