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Spacecraft that have studied the surface of Venus

Explore the findings of spacecraft missions to Venus, from Mariner 2 to Venus Express, revealing topography, atmospheric probes, and rock compositions. Uncover fascinating features like Maxwell Montes and Sapas Mons, tectonic structures, and unusual fluid ejecta. Witness the unique landscapes, wind streaks, and impact craters on Venus, offering insights into its geology. Discover how these missions have shaped our understanding of Venus' surface and atmosphere.

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Spacecraft that have studied the surface of Venus

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  1. Spacecraft that have studied the surface of Venus • Mariner 2 – 1962 – First planetary mission • Pioneer Venus – 1978 - Topography and atmospheric probes • Veneras 8 – 14, 1975 – 1982 – Landers! • Veneras 15 & 16, 1984 – Orbital radars • Magellan – 1990 – 1994 – Orbital radar images, topography and gravity data • Europe’s Venus Express, 2006

  2. Venera 14 Soviet Lander - 1982

  3. Landing Sites for Venera Spacecraft

  4. Venera 14 views of surface of Venus

  5. The surface of Venus, imaged by the Venera 14 Lander. Upper image: CO2 atmosphere results in reddish color. Lower image: CO2 removed. The dark rock is basalt!

  6. Composition of the surface rocks of Venus. The rocks are basalt!

  7. Magellan being launched from Space Shuttle

  8. Topography of Venus from the Pioneer Venus spacecraft

  9. The “continents” on Venus are as big or bigger than those on Earth

  10. Maxwell Montes over 12 km high!

  11. Maat Mons ~8 km high Still active?

  12. Sapas Mons ~400 km dia.

  13. Cleopatra Caldera On Lakshmi Planum

  14. Tectonic features: Fotla Corona S.E. of Aphrodite Terra

  15. Tessera rolling plains near Maxwell Montes

  16. Rift zones

  17. Unusual fluid ejecta at impact craters on Venus Aurelia crater 32 km diameter Stuart Crater 67 km diameter

  18. Wind streaks – fine particles moved by wind

  19. Isabella crater – Ejecta so hot it flows like lava

  20. High surface pressure may help pancake domes form

  21. Summary of Venus

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