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Heart failure

Discuss the possible causes of heart failure. Distinguish left heart failure from right heart failure in terms of etiology and physiologic effects. Describe how right heart failure may result from left heart failure. Discuss the physiologic mechanisms that become active to compensate for hea

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Heart failure

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    1. Heart failure General Consideration

    19. Venous side Heart Arterial side ? atrial pressure ? end diastolic ? carotid receptor activity Congested veins ? venous pressure and end-systolic ? filling pressure volume ? COP, tachycardia ?sympath. activity ?contraction V.C. of veins and arterioles ? renal flow ? Renin ? Angiotensin II ? Aldosterone salt and water retention ? blood volume

    31. Cardiac glycosides (digoxin, digitalis) : Increase force of cardiac contraction by increasing levels of intracellular calcium in cardiac muscle cells Other cardiotonic agents (dobutamine) : 1-Adrenoreceptor agonist used for treatment of acute heart failure Phosphodiesterase inhibitors (amrinone, milrinone) : Increases force of contraction through increased cAMP levels in cardiac cells

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